Análise da demanda fisiológica crônica de uma temporada anual de futebol

Abstract

Exercise intensity monitoring has been essential for the control and planning of sports training. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the chronic physiological demand of soccer players during an annual soccer season using blood biomarkers. Ten professional soccer players (21.2 ± 3.7 years) participated in this study. Blood samples were collected on the day before beginning of preseason (C1); at the end of preseason and beginning of competitive calendar (C2); and at the end of the competitive calendar. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), cortisol, testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, creatine kinase and alpha-actin were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA with repeated measures and the post-hoc Tukey's test. Significance level was set at P<0.05. The results showed significant differences in the following situations: testosterone -C1 higher than C2 and C3; cortisol -C3 higher than C2; testosterone/cortisol ratio -C2 higher than C1, and C3 lower than C1 and C2; creatine kinase -C2 and C3 higher than C1; alpha-actin -C3 higher than C1. IL-6 concentrations were not different between C1, C2 and C3. It could be concluded that an annual soccer season imposes high physiological demand for professional players, since relevant changes in blood biomarkers analyzed were observed.

Blood Biomarkers Variations across the Pre-Season and Interactions with Training Load: A Study in Professional Soccer Players

“…This result was supported by a previous study that showed that no significant changes in the T/C ratio after intense pre-season traninig in soccer players [ 88 ], and non-athletic men [ 83 ]. Contrary to our findings, recent studies observed significant reductions in the T/C ratio in response to a high volume of training sessions [ 39 , 89 ], and a period of congested match play [ 86 , 89 ] in professional soccer players. Similarly, another study demonstrated that a decrease equal or higher than 30% in the T/C ratio reflected state of catabolism, which resulted in a prolonged recovery time, fatigue, and deterioration of competitive soccer performance [ 90 ].…”

“…Similarly, another study demonstrated that a decrease equal or higher than 30% in the T/C ratio reflected state of catabolism, which resulted in a prolonged recovery time, fatigue, and deterioration of competitive soccer performance [ 90 ]. Additionally, our result was not similar to previous studies that reported that the T/C ratio increased significantly in team sports athletes after the pre-season period [ 81 , 84 , 85 , 89 ]. As in the present study, Botelho et al [ 88 ] stated that a significantly unchanged T/C ratio after the pre-season period was associated with a favorable response to the training load, and adequate coping with training stresses.…”

Psychophysiological Stress Markers During Preseason Among Elite Female Soccer Players

“…The blood CK concentration found after the preseason indicates that the training imposed some muscular overload that led to a leakage of CK into the bloodstream (33). However, the CK concentration (239 U•L 21 ) was lower than that reported by previous studies (8,26), indicating a good muscular recovery of athletes in association with adaptations during the preseason TL. For male elite soccer players, for example, Lazarim et al ( 26) suggested a blood CK upper limit value of 975 U•L 21 as an indication of an increased risk of muscular injury.…”

“…Recent studies involving female soccer players showed that subjects' HRV is related to both their TL (r 5 -0.85) and perceived fatigue (r 5 0.56) during weeks of varying TL (17). In addition, other studies have found that high-intensity training or competitive periods may lead to increased salivary cortisol (9,31) and CK (8,26), with mood states (9) and the testosterone/ cortisol ratio (T/C) (31) also improving, specifically among female athletes.…”

The Yo-Yo Intermittent Tests: A Systematic Review and Structured Compendium of Test Results

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