Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Oncorhynchus mykiss for export at production centers in the Peruvian Central Highlands

Abstract

The bioaccumulation of the heavy metals Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb was determined in the livers, kidneys and muscles of Oncorhynchus mykiss trout at seven production centers in the province of Yauli, Junín-Peru. The determination and quantification of total heavy metals in water samples collected monthly from the production sites and in 28 trout that averaged 250 g and 27 cm was performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, according to the methodology recommended by FAO. Levels of Zn, Fe and Pb were found to exceed the environmental quality standards established by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment for the rivers of the coast and highlands, as well as the quality standards of the European Union for the cultivation of trout, while levels of Cu conformed with those standards. Concentration of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb in the livers, kidneys and muscles exceeded the maximum permissible limits established by the European Union for fish meat and by the Mexican official standard, NOM-027-SSA1-1993, for fresh, refrigerated and frozen fishery products, in the case of Pb. The correlation between the concentrations of copper, zinc, iron and lead in the water and the concentrations of these metals in the livers, kidneys and muscles is low and not significant, except for copper, which had a significant correlation.Keywords: atomic absorption spectrophotometry, bioaccumulation, heavy metals, trout. Bioacumulação de metais pesados em Oncorhynchus mykiss para exportação dos centros de produção dos Andes Centrais do Peru RESUMOA bioacumulação de metais pesados de Cu, Zn, Fe e Pb no fígado, rim e músculo da truta Oncorhynchus mykiss foi determinada em sete centros de produção na província de Yauli, Junín-Peru. A determinação e quantificação do total de metais pesados em amostras de água coletadas mensalmente nos locais de produção e em 28 trutas de 250 g e 27 cm em média foram realizadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, de acordo com a metodologia recomendada pela FAO. Com exceção do Cu, alguns níveis de Zn, Fe e Pb foram encontrados na água em padrões de qualidade ambiental superiores aos estabelecidos pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente do Peru para os rios do litoral e planalto, e aos padrões de qualidade da União Europeia para o cultivo da truta. A concentração de Cu, Zn, Fe e Pb no fígado, nos rins e nos músculos excedeu os limites máximos permitidos pela União Europeia para a carne de peixe; e pela NOM-027-SSA1-1993 mexicana para os produtos frescos da pesca, refrigerados e congelados, no caso de Pb. A correlação entre a concentração de cobre, zinco, ferro e chumbo em água e a concentração destes metais no fígado, rim e no músculo, é baixa e não significativa, exceto para cobre que teve correlação significativa.Palavras-chave: bioacumulação, espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, metais pesados, truta.

Assessment of Fish Quality Based on the Content of Heavy Metals

“…For rainbow trout and other fish species, it was confirmed by Zapata et al [ 65 ] that zinc is present in the muscle tissue, followed by iron and copper. Kalyoncu et al [ 66 ] studied the metal contents in the muscles of fish and observed the following sequences: Zn > Mn > Fe > Cu (tench) and Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu (crucian carp) (Turkey), which were inconsistent with current study ( Table 1 ) and other authors [ 67 ].…”

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Peruvian Food and Medicinal Products

“…Not surprisingly, Peruvian investigators have quantified heavy metals in many food products; for example, Chirinos-Peinado et al [ 4 ] reported mean Cd concentrations greater than 500 mg/L in 40 milk samples collected near the Mantaro River (central Peru), which overpassed the legal limit nearly 200 times, through biological uptake and bioaccumulation [ 5 ]. Other Peruvian studies have reported metal content in food products such as cow ( Bos taurus ) milk in Moquegua (0.29 mg/kg of As) [ 6 ] and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in Junín (6.11 mg/kg of Pb) [ 7 ], while Gutleb et al [ 8 ] detected Hg levels above MPL in catfish ( Pimelodus ornatus ) in Madre de Dios (0.61 mg/kg).…”

Evaluation of Surface Sediment Quality in Rivers with Fish Farming Potential (Peru) Using Indicators of Contamination, Accumulation and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals and Arsenic

“…The transfer of metals from sediments to water columns and their subsequent bioaccumulation in the food chain are detrimental to both the aquatic ecosystem and human health (Williams & Antoine, 2020). At the aquatic ecosystem level it can affect through the accumulation of metals in the body of fish (Chanamé et al, 2014), decreasing species diversity and even causing their complete disappearance (Haris et al, 2017;Williams & Antoine, 2020). In this sense, metals also affect public health due to the fact that people make use of the water and consume fish caught from contaminated rivers, facing serious consequences that pose a risk to their integrity, as some of the metals are considered carcinogenic (Arisekar et al, 2020;Li et al, 2017).…”