Valorization of Hesperidin from Citrus Residues: Evaluation of Microwave-As

Abstract

The aim of the current study was the valorization of hesperidin, the dominant flavonoid in citrus processing waste, by microwave-assisted synthesis of hesperidin-Mg complex, improving its antioxidant activity and insecticidal potential. Here we show, for the first time, that microwaveassisted synthesis of [Mg(hesp)2(phen)]OAc (1) (hesp: hesperidin, phen: phenanthroline) improve the reaction rate and yield. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments proved to be powerful tools for the identification of three isomers in metal complexes. Moreover, we explore the insecticidal potential of 1 and [Mg(phen)2(Isov)]OAc (2) (Isov : isovanillic acid) complexes against three insects. Complex 1 killed 80% of adults whitefly at 0.14 μmol L-1, and 2 76% at 0.36 μmol L-1. There was a total mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda with 2 at 0.39 μmol L-1, and 83% with 1 at 0.14 μmol L-1. Both have similar activity, and represent a novel group of insecticide for Bemisia tabaci and S. frugiperda; nevertheless, the benefits of both as Myzus persicae repellent require further evaluation.

Swietenia mahagoni Leaves Extract: Antifungal, Insecticidal, and Phytochemical Analysis

“…Moreover, the hesperidin-Mg complex was found to be a trigger for the insecticide's potential against the adults of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) [59]. On the other hand, the unsaturated free carboxylic fatty acids detected by GC-MS in the SMAL extract, exemplified in oleic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z), and trans-13-octadecenoic acid, were thought to attain an insecticidal activity against A. gossypii Glover.…”

Hesperidin as a Species-Specific Modifier of Aphid Behavior

“…Hesperidin, applied as hesperidin-Mg complex, showed insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) [30,31]. In the same study [30], the repellent activity of the hesperidin-Mg complex towards Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reported with the reservation that it required further evaluation. Hesperidin was also reported as a weak antifeedant when offered to aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) M. persicae and Schizaphis graminum in artificial diets [32].…”

“…and E.H. S Leonian (Oomycetes: Peronosporaceae) and Candidatus liberibacter Fagen et al (Bacte Rhizobiaceae) [27,28], and in C. aurantium L. against Aphis punicae Passerini (Hemipt Aphididae) and Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) [29]. Hesperid applied as hesperidin-Mg complex, showed insecticidal activity against Spodoptera fr perda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) [30,31] the same study [30], the repellent activity of the hesperidin-Mg complex towards My persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reported with the reservation that it required ther evaluation. Hesperidin was also reported as a weak antifeedant when offered aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) M. persicae and Schizaphis graminum in artificial diets [ The practical lack of knowledge on the effect of hesperidin on insect herbivores is s prising: the data are fragmentary and refer mainly to herbivores associated with cit plants.…”

“…At the organismal level, the proven activities of hesperidin in plant-herbivore interactions include its roles as host plant recognition cue and oviposition stimulant for Papilio protenor [27,28], and in C. aurantium L. against Aphis punicae Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Planococcus citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) [29]. Hesperidin, applied as hesperidin-Mg complex, showed insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) [30,31]. In the same study [30], the repellent activity of the hesperidin-Mg complex towards Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reported with the reservation that it required further evaluation.…”