Alcoholmeter as a Simple and Accessible Way for Ethanol Determination in Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers

Estevão, Priscila L. S; Colodi, Franciely Grose; Carmo, Lucas Chagas Lima do; Santos, Maria de Fátima Costa; Barison, Andersson; D’Oca, Caroline R. M; Nagata, Noemi; Freitas, Rilton Alves de

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20210026

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Alcoholmeter, hydrometer, or other chemical analyses with equivalent or greater accuracy are among the most common methods used for determining alcohol concentration 15 , 16 . During the COVID-19 public health emergency, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has supported the industry by developing and evaluating analytical methods for their applicability in identifying and quantifying ethanol and other impurities in 72 hand sanitisers 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methanol in alcohol-based hand sanitiser to ensure product quality, safety and efficacy

Nisbar

Khair

Bujang

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is an unprecedented global pandemic, sparking grave public health emergencies. One of the measures to reduce COVID-19 transmissions recommended by the World Health Organization is hand hygiene, i.e., washing hands with soap and water or disinfecting them using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser (ABHS). Unfortunately, competing ABHSs with unknown quality, safety, and efficacy thrived, posing yet another risk to consumers. This study aims to develop, optimise, and validate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)-based analytical method to simultaneously identify and quantify ethanol or isopropyl alcohol as the active ingredient in ABHS, with simultaneous determination of methanol as an impurity. The GC–MS was operated in Electron Ionisation mode, and Selected Ion Monitoring was chosen as the data acquisition method for quantitation. The analytical method was validated for liquid and gel ABHSs, covering the specificity, linearity and range, accuracy, and precisions, including the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation. The specificity of each target analyte was established using the optimised chromatographic separation with unique quantifier and qualifier ions. The linearity was ascertained with a coefficient of determination (r2) of > 0.9994 over the corresponding specification range. Respectively, the accuracy and precisions were satisfactory within 98.99 to 101.09% and < 3.04% of the relative standard deviation. The method was successfully applied to 69 ABHS samples, where 14 contained insufficient amounts of the active ingredient. Alarmingly, four samples comprised a high amount of methanol ranging from 5.3 to 19.4% with respect to the active alcohol percentage, which may pose significant short- and long-term health issues, leading to life-threatening crises for consumers. The method established would benefit in protecting the public against the potential harm due to substandard or unsafe ABHS products, primarily due to the presence of hazardous impurities such as methanol.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methanol in alcohol-based hand sanitiser to ensure product quality, safety and efficacy

Nisbar

Khair

Bujang

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…However, the distillation method has relative sensitivity. A simple alcoholmeter [6] and simple spectrophotometry [7], or the exploitation of the schlieren effect in liquid flow [8] based on the reaction of ethanol with a stable acidic dichromate reagent, can also be used for liquid forms of samples, although not for gel or foam formulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodoform Reaction-Based Turbidimetry for Analysis of Alcohols in Hand Sanitizers

Prakobdi

Saetear

2023

Analytica

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This work presents the first development of an analytical turbidimetric method for the determination of legal alcohols in alcohol-based hand sanitizer products. A typical iodoform reaction is exploited to form a yellow product in the form of precipitates. An iodoform test shows a positive result as yellow precipitates in the presence of ethanol and isopropanol; therefore, the test can only be used to distinguish between methanol and those legal alcohols. In the presence of molecular iodine (I2) and a strong alkaline solution, the legal alcohol is converted to the corresponding carbonyl compound (i.e., ethanol to acetaldehyde, isopropanol to acetone). The susceptibility of this intermediate towards the reaction with hydroxide ions (strong alkaline condition) results in formations of yellow precipitation of iodoform (CHI3) and a water-soluble carboxylate salt in the solution. Therefore, this change allows for the detection of legal alcohols through either naked-eye observation (as semi-quantitative analysis) or a common benchtop/portable photometer/spectrophotometer (as quantitative analysis) by means of turbidimetric analysis. In this work, turbidimetry is employed, which is a useful alternative detection method in analytical practice, especially with colored samples in hand sanitizing products. This is because they can employ wavelengths at which the colored solution does not absorb light. As a result of our developed method, the calibration plots are in the range of 30 to 100% (v/v) for both ethanol and isopropanol. The limit of detection (LOD) (3SD of y-intercept/slope) was found to be 7.4% (v/v) ethanol and 6.5% (v/v) isopropanol. Direct analysis of the non-pretreatment of the sample is achieved. The results indicate that our new proposed analytical method is fit for purpose and valid to detect the legal alcohols in alcohol-based hand sanitizing products for both international and Thai regulations (at least 70% (v/v)). Our quantitative results were also comparable to a standard analytical method, such as the use of a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Our developed method and analytical operation could potentially be developed into a practically portable analysis.

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“…Thus, a significant effect of magnetic field strength drift is avoided, which is usually observed at longer run times. Recently, no-D qNMR was applied in the quantification of capsaicinoids from chili peppers (Valim et al 2019), microplastics (Peez et al 2021, and ethanol in distilled spirits (Caleja-Ballesteros et al 2021). Estevão et al (2021 used the no-D qNMR method as a reference method for the alcoholmeter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-deuterated 1H NMR Spectrometric Method for the Rapid and Direct Analysis of Alcohol Content in Hand Sanitizers

Caleja-Ballesteros¹,

Ballesteros²,

Villena³

2022

Philipp J Sci

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In this study, a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method to quantify the alcohol content of alcohol-based hand sanitizers was developed and validated in non-deuterated solvent and unlocked mode conditions. Deionized water was used to prepare the solutions for the no-D method, which also matched the matrix of the samples. The generated integration areas were used to quantify the ethanol and isopropanol content of the sanitizer samples. The no-D method presented well-correlated calibration curves with a detection limit of 1.41% (v/v) and 2.61% (v/v) for isopropanol and ethanol, respectively. The experimental alcohol content in no-D conditions was compared to the results using the D2O method and was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Although there is no additional precautionary measure when handling D2O, non-deuterated solvents are more easily accessible, which makes a 1H NMR-based analysis more cost-effective.

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Alcoholmeter as a Simple and Accessible Way for Ethanol Determination in Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Determination of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methanol in alcohol-based hand sanitiser to ensure product quality, safety and efficacy

Determination of ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and methanol in alcohol-based hand sanitiser to ensure product quality, safety and efficacy

Iodoform Reaction-Based Turbidimetry for Analysis of Alcohols in Hand Sanitizers

Non-deuterated 1H NMR Spectrometric Method for the Rapid and Direct Analysis of Alcohol Content in Hand Sanitizers

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