X-ray Scattering and Chemometrics as Tools to Assist in the Identification of Gunshot Residues by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Interpol Review of Gunshot Residue 2019 to 2021

“…In [ 74 ], Madeira et al describe the use of a combination of X-ray scattering and chemometrics tools to characterize the OGSR components of samples taken from the hands of shooters. X-ray analysis of GSR samples is most often used in conjunction with automated SEM particle search, but here the authors used wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence to analyze the samples.…”

A review of laboratory, commercially available, and facility based wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers

“…Madeira et al 59 investigated the content of gunshot residues with a wavelength dispersive analysis technique, making use of the WD-XRF sequential analyzer instrument model XRF-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan). The instrument housed a 4 kW Rh target X-ray tube, with a maximum voltage of 30 kV, a maximum current of 150 mA, a pendulum-type sample loading system, 10 different crystals, 3 slits, a FPC and a SC, and 5 primary X-ray filters and had the possibility to change the aperture.…”