Residue-Based CaO Heterogeneous Catalysts from Crab and Mollusk Shells for FAME Production Via Transesterification

Abstract

The production of fatty acid methyl esther (FAME) via transesterification was studied, assessing the influence of CaO heterogeneous catalysts obtained from four different fishery residues: sururu, crab, clam and mussel. Characterization and properties of the residues were obtained via thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, chemical composition and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Catalytic activities and reaction kinetics of FAME synthesis from the transesterification of soybean oil were performed. FAME yield was determined by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). A higher efficiency and reaction rate were observed for the catalysts obtained from the sururu residues with 93.7% FAME yield after 3.5 h of reaction at the first usage, reducing only to 91.0% after four consecutive cycles of reuse. The best activities were assigned to the presence of SrO, to smaller particle size, higher pore volumes and the higher Ca leaching, yielding Ca-diglyceroxide which is an important active phase for transesterification.

Deoxygenation of Oleic Acid Methyl Ester in FCC Process Conditions Over Protonated and Sodium Exchanged Y and ZSM-5 Zeolites

“…These products as well as microbial growth affect the quality properties of the biodiesel [6]. Finally, a limited quality biodiesel can appear when problems in the production process lead to the formation of an off-spec product with excess impurities such as soaps, glycerol or catalyst [7][8]. Another concern is the addition of an antioxidant to avoid the degradation of biodiesel.…”