Evaluation of the Suitability of Analytical Methods in Trichothecene A and B Degradation

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to standardize conditions for laccase and lipase activity required to maximize trichothecene degradation. The analytical methods were suitable and validated in model solutions for detection of five analytes (T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol), the methods were then applied in the degradation tests of these trichothecenes. The method of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE), using three different NaCl concentration levels, obtained recoveries in the range of 47.4-103.4% at pH 5.0 and 36.6-106.8% at pH 7.0, with an intra-day relative standard deviation under 15% for the majority of the compounds. Quantification limits remained in the region of 0.07 μg mL -1 for 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 0.3 μg mL -1 for nivalenol. Finally, the suitable analytical methods were applied in a study of trichothecene degradation by enzymatic action, resulting in a reduction of 12.3% for T-2 toxin, 68.4% for deoxynivalenol, 50.2% for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 45.4% for 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

Relationship between Mycotoxin Content in Winter Wheat Grain and Aspirated Dust Collected during Harvest and after Storage

“…In grain (Table 3), DON, DON 3-Glc (4), T-2 (8), moniliformin (14), enniatins (17−20), and alternariol (28) were found at higher concentrations in samples collected from on-farm storage bins than those obtained directly from the field at harvest (p < 0.0001). OTA (22), ochratoxin B (23), and citrinin (24) were found at higher concentrations in samples collected from our experimental bins, which were seeded with a P. verrucosum hot spot (p = 0.0004) as well as alternariol (28) (p = 0.0065). In grain dust, all mycotoxins, except those found at very low frequency (9, 10), were found at higher concentrations in samples from on-farm storage bins than from those collected in the field after harvest.…”

“…The most robust relationships were found, in decreasing regression r 2 values, for OTA (22) produced by P. verrucosum 4 and DON (1) produced by F. graminearum 3 in Ontario with 0.952 and 0.949, respectively. Other toxins related to P. verrucosum, citrinin (24), and ochratoxin B (23), as well as enniatin A 1 (18) associated with F. avenaceum 34 in Canada, had regression r 2 values >0.820 (Table 5). A robust dataset was obtained for enniatin A 1 (18) and DON (1), which have the higher detection frequency and the higher mean concentration found in this study, respectively (Table 2).…”

“…graminearum, mainly on the surface of the grain. However, DON is highly soluble in water (57 000 μg/mL at 25 °C); thus, it migrates easily to the inner part of the grain. Zearelanone is relatively insoluble in water (4.81 μg/mL at 25 °C); therefore, it is found highly concentrated in the dust .…”

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

“…The use of non-selective extraction protocols followed by mass screening employing HRMS or MS/MS has allowed identification of new masked mycotoxins and new members of known groups. The rapid multi-residue LC-MS/MS methods have been used to evaluate mycotoxins level in food and feed [ 124 , 133 , 134 ]. Originally, mycotoxin detection relied on a targeted analysis, with mass spec only analyzing a panel of characterized mycotoxins which may be present in the sample.…”