Relationship between Mycotoxin Content in Winter Wheat Grain and Aspirated Dust Collected during Harvest and after Storage

Abstract

A total of 323 paired grain and grain dust samples (particle size <1650 μm) were collected from combines at harvest (56%), on-farm bins (28%), and experimental minibins seeded with an ochratoxin A (OTA)/Penicillium verrucosum hot spots (15%) of which >98% were soft red winter wheat. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to detect 21 mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and its plant-conjugated form, deoxynivalenol 3-β-d-glucoside (DON 3-Glc). Except for DON 3-Glc, all mycotoxin concentrations found in grain dust were higher than in grain (p < 0.0030). Pearson correlation coefficients and two-variable regression show a significant (p < 0.0001) linear relationship between the mycotoxin content in grain and that in grain dust with 19 toxins. In only five mycotoxins (DON, OTA, ochratoxin B, citrinin, and enniatin A1), more than 82% of the variation in the data is explained by the two-variable regression model. Because of its higher mean concentration and detection frequency, only DON produced a strong relationship (p < 0.0001, r 2 = 0.949) with low root-mean-square error (RMSE) (293.41 ng/g). The results suggest that modeling levels in grain based upon levels in grain dust can be used to estimate DON in grain bulk.

Mycotoxin Analysis of Grain via Dust Sampling: Review, Recent Advances and the Way Forward: The Contribution of the MycoKey Project

“…A DONdust/DONgrain ratio of 13.1 (n = 12, dust particle size (p.s.) <50 µm) was found in wheat samples by Sanders, 2013 [13], whereas a value of 5.9 and 5.4 was found by Reichel, 2014 [44] (n = 78, ps: 100-1000 µm) and Limay-Ros [50] (n = 323, ps < 1650 µm), respectively. Higher levels of mycotoxins in dust than in grain may be due to the distribution of Fusarium mycotoxins in infected cereals [52][53][54][55].…”

“…Regarding mycotoxin detection in grain by means of dust analysis, particles with several sizes were considered in previous studies (fine fraction < 50 µm [45,48,49], fraction of a size between 100 and 1000 µm [44], fraction < 1650 µm [50]). A good correlation (R 2 > 0.68) was obtained for DON, regardless of the fractions collected.…”

“…Recently, Limay-Rios [50] conducted a study to detect 21 mycotoxins, including DON and its acetylated forms, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, T-2 toxin, fumonisins, moniliformin, zearalenone, beauvericin, enniatins, Alternaria metabolites, citrinin and ochratoxins in winter wheat by aspirating wheat dust particles using a drum vacuum cleaner (RIDGID WD14500; 8.0 kW and 53 L; Ridge Tool Company, 400 Clark St, 44035, Elyria, OH, United State) equipped with an in-line air filter (FleetguardOptiAir 1100 series; Cummins Filtration, Nashville, TN, USA). The system was designed to collect only particles with a size <1650 µm.…”

Hybrid insect protection and fungicide application for managing ear rots and mycotoxins in silage corn

“…Samples were analyzed for mycotoxin type and concentration at the University of Guelph Ridgetown (Ontario, Canada). Using the protocol developed by Limay‐Rios & Schaafsma (2021), samples were analyzed using an Ionics EP 10+ modified API365 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC‐MS/MS) system equipped with an electrospray ionization source, in positive and negative polarity. The samples were tested for 26 mycotoxins including DON, ZON, FB, and beauvericin (Fusilier et al., 2022).…”

E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology?

“…For those who are interested, several papers are available for further and recent information [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Regarding sampling, recent publications on sampling techniques for grain dust and for pooling samples for mycotoxin screening could have a huge impact for the feed industry [ 53 , 54 ].…”