Assessment of Triazine Herbicides Residual in Fruit and Vegetables Using Ultrasound Assisted Extraction-Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Solidification of Floating Organic Drop

Abstract

A simple, inexpensive, reliable and environmentally friendly method based on ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) was developed for the simultaneous determination of four triazines in fruit and vegetable samples. Parameters affecting the extraction process were studied and optimized. Under the optimum conditions (sonication time: 15 min; extraction solvent: 30.0 µL 1-undecanol; disperser solvent: 1.0 mL acetonitrile; pH: 7; and extraction time: 0 min), extraction recoveries for different fruit and vegetables are in the range of 65-86%. The calibration graphs are linear in the range of 5-800 µg kg-1 , with the correlation coefficient (r 2) higher than 0.9985. The limits of detection (LODs) are in the range of 1-2 µg kg-1 , which are lower than the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by various official organizations. Repeatability (intra-day) and reproducibility (inter-day) of the method based on five replicate measurements of 100 µg kg-1 of herbicides were in the range of 3.6-5.4% and 4.5-6.3%, respectively.

Trace determination of triazine herbicides in fruit and vegetables using novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet

“…However, our method provided better LODs, LOQs, and LR. Different research groups used DLLME for the extraction of triazine herbicides from fruit and vegetables [3], water and sugarcane [10], and oilseeds [12] using a variety of extraction solvents. According to the data reported in Table 3, our method provided comparable or lower LODs and RSDs.…”

“…These compounds destroy pests by disrupting the photosynthesis process, especially in broad‐leaved weeds [2]. Common triazine herbicides that are used the most in Iran are atrazine, simazine and propazine [3]. The release of these compounds in the environment causes the residues of these herbicides and their metabolites to enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate in the body [4].…”

Policy Intervention Effect Research on Pesticide Packaging Waste Recycling: Evidence From Jiangsu, China

“…Pesticide packaging materials are generally made of polyester bottles and aluminum foil bags, with low economic value of reuse (Jones, 2014;Li and Huang, 2018). However, due to the difficulty of breaking down pesticide packaging waste, it is continuously accumulated in the farmland ecological environment for a long time, forming white pollution and affecting crop growth and agricultural machinery operation (Pasdar et al, 2017;Pirsaheb et al, 2017). Moreover, the high concentrated pesticides left in the packaging can directly enter waters and soils, posing potential hazards and threats to the production safety of agricultural products, rural ecological environment, and human health (Briassoulis et al, 2014;Eras et al, 2017;Marnasidis et al, 2018).…”