Influence of Cardanol Encapsulated on the Properties of Poly(lactic Acid) Microparticles

Abstract

In this study, microparticles of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were produced to encapsulate cardanol, varying molar mass of the polymer matrix, concentration of the emulsifier (PVA) and concentration of the chemical additive (cardanol). The droplet size distribution, polydispersity index, morphology, the interaction between cardanol and PLA, cardanol encapsulation efficiency and release profile of this chemical additive were assessed. The morphological characterization showed that the microparticles containing cardanol were presented as microcapsules up to a maximum cardanol concentration limit that could be incorporated. The addition of cardanol during the production of the microparticles led to an increase in the average diameter of the microparticles obtained, both those with low and high molar mass (MPLA3 and MPLA100, respectively), with the increase depending on the quantity of cardanol incorporated. DSC results showed a shift in melting point and a change in Tg and Tm with the incorporation of cardanol, suggesting an interaction between cardanol and PLA matrix. Higher encapsulation efficiency and slower release of cardanol were achieved when using microparticles with higher molar mass (MPLA100). The microparticles of MPLA100/1PVA/50C provided the slowest additive release among the formulations tested. Therefore, the processes for encapsulation and controlled release of cardanol in the PLA matrix were efficient.

Fabrication and Characterization of Cinnamaldehyde-Loaded Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles/PHBV-Based Microspheres for Preventing Bacterial Infection and Promoting Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…A significantly higher average diameter compared to blank PHBV/MBGN microspheres was exhibited by PHBV/MBGN/CIN10, and PHBV/MBGN/CIN20 microspheres ( p < 0.05). This finding could be related to the increased viscosity of the dispersed phase due to the greater polymer molar mass, leading to harder splitting of the smaller microspheres and thus allowing the formation of large particles [ 47 , 48 ].…”

Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Cardanol-Sustained Delivery System

“…Furthermore, cardanol presented a third event with maximum temperatures at 475.8 °C, which indicates good thermal stability of this isolated molecule. Cardoso et al (2018), when encapsulating cardanol using polylactic acid (PLA) microparticles, observed that the chemical concentration of the cardanol additive influenced the thermal stability of the encapsulate, identifying a maximum temperature event of 273 °C in cardanol alone [ 48 ]. We also observed that as cardanol was added to the encapsulating up to a specific concentration (50 mg), which fixed the PVA concentration, a second event appeared at 291 °C, indicating an increase in the thermal stability of the encapsulated.…”

Synthesis of Polycardanol Using BF3.O(C2H5)2 as Initiator: Influence of Polymerization Conditions on Reaction Products

“…4,5 Cardanol is a phenolic compound containing a meta-substituted aliphatic chain of fifteen carbons in its structure, with different degrees of saturation. 6,7 The material is obtained as a byproduct of processing fruits/ nuts from the cashew tree, a species cultivated in many countries. 6,8 The shells of the nuts of the cashew tree contain a viscous oil with dark brown color that is caustic and inflammable, called cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL).…”