Fabrication and Characterization of Cinnamaldehyde-Loaded Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles/PHBV-Based Microspheres for Preventing Bacterial Infection and Promoting Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) is considered a suitable polymer for drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the lack of bioactivity and antibacterial activity hinders its biomedical applications. In this study, mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) were incorporated into PHBV to enhance its bioactivity, while cinnamaldehyde (CIN) was loaded in MBGN to introduce antimicrobial activity. The blank (PHBV/MBGN) and the CIN-loaded microspheres (PHBV/MBGN/CIN5, PHBV/MBGN/CIN10, and PHBV/MBGN/CIN20) were fabricated by emulsion solvent extraction/evaporation method. The average particle size and zeta potential of all samples were investigated, as well as the morphology of all samples evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. PHBV/MBGN/CIN5, PHBV/MBGN/CIN10, and PHBV/MBGN/CIN20 significantly exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the first 3 h, while CIN releasing behavior was observed up to 7 d. Human osteosarcoma cell (MG-63) proliferation and attachment were noticed after 24 h cell culture, demonstrating no adverse effects due to the presence of microspheres. Additionally, the rapid formation of hydroxyapatite on the composite microspheres after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) during 7 d revealed the bioactivity of the composite microspheres. Our findings indicate that this system represents an alternative model for an antibacterial biomaterial for potential applications in bone tissue engineering.

Melaleuca armillaris Essential Oil as an Antibacterial Agent: The Use of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as Drug Carrier

“…Antibacterial activity of MBG particles could be reached in two ways: changing the composition of the bioactive glass i.e., containing Mn, Cu, Ce or Ag ions that have proved antibacterial or antifungal properties [ 6 , 22 , 48 , 49 ], or loading the particle with therapeutic agents such as antibiotics or essential oils. Several essential oils derived from aromatic plants, such as cinnamon, could be used as loading agents for MBG particles [ 50 ]. Other EOs with antibacterial activity are the ones containing eucalyptus related compounds.…”

“…Other EOs with antibacterial activity are the ones containing eucalyptus related compounds. The main component of Melaleuca armillaris EO is 1,8-cineol [ 50 ]. This oil has proven effects against bacteria, and could also be encapsulated in different nanoparticles [ 51 , 52 ].…”

Mesoporous Bioactive Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Applications

“…More recently, important advances have been made in the design of antibiotic-loaded MBNPs for the treatment of infected bone defects, so that they stimulate bone regeneration while fighting infection. In this regard, MBNPs loaded with cinnamaldehyde have been proposed that have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [ 68 ] as well as MBNPS loaded with Boswellia sacra extract [ 69 ] and vancomycin [ 14 ] that have exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus .…”

“…Wang et al performed one of the few studies that have been carried out to evaluate the activity of MBNPs loaded with an anti-inflammatory drug under in vivo conditions [ 68 ]. For this purpose, these authors prepared hollow mesoporous bioactive nanoparticles, which presented an ibuprofen loading efficiency between 29.5 and 55%, depending on the amount of surfactant added in the synthesis process.…”

A Polyhydroxyalkanoates-Based Carrier Platform of Bioactive Substances for Therapeutic Applications

“…Being like a micro-Noah’s Ark for cells, PHA microspheres help to transport the in vitro proliferated cells into the defect tissues for tissue regeneration ( Wei et al, 2018a ). Recent efforts focused on fabricating PHBV-based mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) loaded with different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) shows effective antimicrobial activity and rapid hydroxyapatite formation in a simulated body fluid model, demonstrating the great potential of PHA particles used as antibiotic-free material in bone defects repair ( Chotchindakun et al, 2021 ). Studies of PHA-based particles for medical uses are collected and shown in Table 3 .…”