HPLC-DAD profile of phenolic compounds, cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the amazon fruit Caryocar villosum

Abstract

Piquiá (Caryocar villosum-Caryocaraceae) is a native fruit from the Amazon region rich in bioactive substances. Fruit pulp extracts were analyzed by HPLC, together with extracts obtained from fruit pulp industry residual parts, byproducts such as husks (shells) and seeds. Extracts were prepared with two ethanolic solvent systems. Phenolic substances ellagic and gallic acids were detected with standards and quantified by HPLC. Cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro were also evaluated. Shell extracts showed free radicals scavenger capacity in ABTS (IC 50 : 3.93 ± 0.12 µg mL-1) and DPPH models (IC 50 : 7.81 ± 0.34 µg mL-1), low cytotoxicity in human fibroblasts, but high at tumor strains, and also a high anti-inflammatory potential observed by the inhibition of nitric oxide production. At low concentrations (20 µg mL-1), excellent antioxidant activities were verified in cellular assays, with percentages of 70.69 ± 2.77%, 79.89 ± 6.50% and 79.48 ± 8.6% for shell, pulp and seed extracts, respectively. With this set of results, C. villosum fruit extracts become a high potential raw material to be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.

Bioactive compounds and functional potential of pequi (<em>Caryocar</em> spp.), a native Brazilian fruit: a review

“…• production, cytotoxicity in tumor strains, and antioxidant activity (ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ROS assays) were also observed for shell, pulp, and seed extracts of C. villosum (Yamaguchi et al, 2017).…”

“…They also increase fat oxidation and fecal output and inhibit HMG-CoA reductase or activate LPL, contributing to the improvement of the lipid and the cardiovascular profiles. Its effects also cover an improvement in the antioxidant defense system due to the phytochemicals present in the fruit, increasing the activities and expression of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress (Yamaguchi et al, 2017;De Oliveira et al, 2015;Miranda-Vilela et al, 2014;Almeida et al, 2012;Miranda-Vilela et al, 2011;Saraiva et al, 2011b;De Oliveira et al, 2010;Da Silva Quirino et al, 2009).…”

“…and Almeida et al (2012) found 58.9 and 236.2 mg/100 g pulp (db) of phenolics, respectively, in C. villosum pulp ( Table 2). Characterization of the phenolic compounds in C. villosum pulp showed gallic and ellagic acids as the main ones (Figure 4) (Yamaguchi et al, 2017;Almeida et al, 2013;Almeida et al, 2012; , with values of 73.2 and 40.1 mg/100 g pulp (db), respectively, corresponding to 31 and 17% of the total amount of phenolic acids (Almeida et al, 2012).…”

“…The exact mechanism of anti-inflammatory action is still subject of debate; however, these effects may correlate with the properties of carotenoids and FA, such as oleic acid, present in the Caryocar spp., probably by reducing the concentration and expression of inflammatory mediators at protein and genomic levels via the production of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, or by the improvement of the antioxidant defense system (Yamaguchi et al, 2017;Torres et al, 2016a;De Oliveira et al, 2015;Saraiva et al, 2011b;De Oliveira et al, 2010;Miranda-Vilela et al, 2009b;Da Silva Quirino et al, 2009). …”

Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Neuroprotective Activities of Extracts from Fruits Native to the Amazon Region: A Review

“…About medicinal use, Arecaceae plants have various therapeutics actions [14]. Traditionally fruits are consumed fresh, boiled, or as juices [15], and some biologically active components included phenolics compounds (catechin, quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, caffeic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-Orutinoside) [16,17,18,7,19,20], carotenoids (carotene, β-carotene, -carotene, lycopene, and xanthophylls) [16,7,21,22,20], flavonoids (anthocyanin, luteolin, apigenin, chrysin, myricetin, and kaempferol) [17,19,23] and fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acid) [24]. Some notable species belonging to this majestic plant family include edible and commercially significant members and forest species as Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Euterpe oleraceae Mart, and Mauritia flexuosa L. f.…”