Galanin and glypican-4 levels depending on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Altınkaya, Sündüz Özlem

doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000340

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…17 galanin compared with controls. 18 In addition, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that PCOS and BMI seemed to be the best predictors influencing galanin levels with a decreasing and increasing effect, respectively. However, we found contradictory findings in women with infertility with PCOS in the present study, compared with the last two studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Interestingly, Bidzińska‐Speichert et al noted that patients with PCOS had reduced galanin concentrations compared with controls 17 . Altınkaya et al claimed that women with PCOS possessed decreased serum levels of galanin compared with controls 18 . In addition, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that PCOS and BMI seemed to be the best predictors influencing galanin levels with a decreasing and increasing effect, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case–control study

Görkem

Yıldırım

2022

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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Aim: There is scant evidence concerning the relationship of alarin concentrations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) status in the existing literature. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the relationship about predictive value of serum alarin concentrations for PCOS risk in infertile women. Methods: This prospective case-control study included a total of 151 infertile women who met eligibility criteria of the study. Infertile women diagnosed with PCOS formed the study group (n = 80). Women with diagnoses of unexplained infertility constituted the control group (n = 71). The biochemical analyses of serum concentrations of lipid profiles, estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and alarin were performed. Results: There were no differences for the study parameters, including age, body mass index, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglyceride, E2, and FSH levels in either group. Serum LH, AMH, alarin concentrations, and antral follicle counts had higher values in the PCOS group compared with the controls. Correlation analysis revealed that serum alarin levels were significantly positively correlated with LH and AMH levels, only in the PCOS group. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that infertile women with high alarin concentrations were significantly more likely to develop PCOS (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 0.095-0.332, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Higher serum concentrations of alarin and a positive correlation with serum LH levels were found in infertile women with PCOS. This evidence supported that high alarin concentrations might play a role in the development of PCOS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case–control study

Görkem

Yıldırım

2022

J of Obstet and Gynaecol

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“…This increase correlated positively with testosterone and LH levels and negatively with estradiol (E2). It is thought that increased phoenixin-14 expression in PCOS patients is associated with up-regulation of LH and androgen production [ 64 ].…”

Section: Other Neurohormones and Adipokines In Pcos (Phoenixin-14 Gal...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrine Determinants of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Szeliga

Rudnicka

Maciejewska-Jeske

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women and a major cause of anovulatory infertility. A diagnosis of PCOS is established based the presence of two out of three clinical symptoms, which are criteria accepted by the ESHRE/ASRM (European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology/American Society for Reproductive Medicine). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is responsible for the release of luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary and contributes a leading role in controlling reproductive function in humans. The goal of this review is to present the current knowledge on neuroendocrine determinations of PCOS. The role of such neurohormones as GnRH, and neuropeptides kisspeptin, neurokinin B, phoenixin-14, and galanin is discussed in this aspect. Additionally, different neurotransmitters (gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine) can also be involved in neuroendocrine etiopathogenesis of PCOS. Studies have shown a persistent rapid GnRH pulse frequency in women with PCOS present during the whole ovulatory cycle. Other studies have proved that patients with PCOS are characterized by higher serum kisspeptin levels. The observations of elevated serum kisspeptin levels in PCOS correspond with the hypothesis that overactivity in the kisspeptin system is responsible for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis overactivity. In turn, this causes menstrual disorders, hyperandrogenemia and hyperandrogenism. Moreover, abnormal regulation of Neurokinin B (NKB) is also suspected of contributing to PCOS development, while NKB antagonists are used in the treatment of PCOS leading to reduction in Luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration and total testosterone concentration. GnRH secretion is regulated not only by kisspeptin and neurokinin B, but also by other neurohormones, such as phoenixin-14, galanin, and Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), that have favorable effects in counteracting the progress of PCOS. A similar process is associated with the neurotransmitters such as GABA, glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine, as well as the opioid system, which may interfere with secretion of GnRH, and therefore, influence the development and severity of symptoms in PCOS patients. Additional studies are required to explain entire, real mechanisms responsible for PCOS neuroendocrine background.

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“…Furthermore, serum TNF-a and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in PCOS group, which was reversed with galanin treatment (29). Altinkaya compared serum galanin levels in 44 women with PCOS and 44 age-matched controls and found that women with PCOS were characterized by lower galanin levels than controls (30), indicating that supplementation of galanin may be a new therapeutic approach for PCOS, which still needs more evidence to support.…”

Section: Galaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central Regulation of PCOS: Abnormal Neuronal-Reproductive-Metabolic Circuits in PCOS Pathophysiology

2021

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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disease. PCOS patients are characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Hypothalamus–pituitary–ovary axis imbalance is considered as an important pathophysiology underlying PCOS, indicating that central modulation, especially the abnormal activation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons plays a vital role in PCOS development. Increased GnRH pulse frequency can promote LH secretion, leading to ovarian dysfunction and abnormal sex steroids synthesis. By contrast, peripheral sex steroids can modulate the action of GnRH neurons through a feedback effect, which is impaired in PCOS, thus forming a vicious cycle. Additionally, hypothalamic GnRH neurons not only serve as the final output pathway of central control of reproductive axis, but also as the central connection point where reproductive function and metabolic state inter-regulate with each other. Metabolic factors, such as insulin resistance and obesity in PCOS patients can regulate GnRH neurons activity, and ultimately regulate reproductive function. Besides, gut hormones act on both brain and peripheral organs to modify metabolic state. Gut microbiota disturbance is also related to many metabolic diseases and has been reported to play an essential part in PCOS development. This review concludes with the mechanism of central modulation and the interaction between neuroendocrine factors and reproductive or metabolic disorders in PCOS development. Furthermore, the role of the gut microenvironment as an important part involved in the abnormal neuronal–reproductive–metabolic circuits that contribute to PCOS is discussed, thus offering possible central and peripheral therapeutic targets for PCOS patients.

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Galanin and glypican-4 levels depending on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case–control study

Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case–control study

Neuroendocrine Determinants of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Central Regulation of PCOS: Abnormal Neuronal-Reproductive-Metabolic Circuits in PCOS Pathophysiology

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