Lipid-rich fraction of the sclerotium of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerotis (Agaricomycetes) attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells via Nrf2 pathway

Abstract

Lignosus rhinocerotis (tiger milk mushroom) is widely used by the indigenous people of Malaysia as a traditional remedy. The present study was carried out in order to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of L. rhinocerotis extract on brain microglial cells (BV2). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS•+) scavenging assays, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The FRAP, DPPH and ABTS• + scavenging capacities of the TE3 fraction were 420.77 mg FE/g, 58.01%, and 7%, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was determined by MTS assay. The in vitro model of anti-neuroinflammatory property was evaluated by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. The TE3 fraction showed a significant NO reduction at 1 to 100 µg/mL. The TE3 fraction down-regulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) genes while it upregulated heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NADPH quinone acceptor oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) genes. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) transcription was also activated. The chemical component of the active fraction (TE3) was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Overall, the BV2 in vitro model anti-neuroinflammatory activity of L. rhinocerotis may be caused by the lipid constituents identified in the fraction.

Therapeutic properties of oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus) cultivation on different cellulosic substrates

“…The biological structure of different culture media has an effect on the nutrients and bioactive components of the mushroom, and will therefore create different effects on the medicinal effects (show Table 1, 2 and 3). Considering all this, it supports the findings of the previously mentioned researchers [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

“…and Picoa spp.) had dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on H1299, HUVEC, PC3, SiHa, HeLa, EAC, HepG2, BV2, HEK-293, MCF7, A549, BGC-823, HGC-27, MDA-MB-231, MRC-5, RAW 267.4, Colo-205, LS-513, Du-145, HT29, HCT-116, HCT-116, Lu-04, Bre-04, L929 cell lines [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Our data (see Table 3) may differ from those reported by the other investigators mentioned above.…”

Mushroom oils: A review of their production, composition, and potential applications

“…velutipes, Lactarius salmonicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus squamosus, and Russula anthracina ) in from Anatolia where all selected species were reported to have cis -linoleic acid contributing to the highest portion in the fatty acid composition, which varied from 22.39 % to 65.29 % [ 18 ]. Majority of the literatures reveal that PUFAs including linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, were the major fatty acids in being extracted from mushroom biomass, with linoleic acid being the most abundant PUFA and this evidence suggested that linoleic acid plays a crucial role in mushroom metabolism, in which the level of fatty acid will be affected based on the growth conditions, substrate, and other environmental factors [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”

“…It had been observed that oleic acid was the main fatty acid with the greatest percentage in the biomass of Russula anthracina (52.11 %) in the fatty acid composition analysis [ 18 ]. In addition to oleic acid, there were different MUFA being reported as the constituents of the fatty acid composition of mushroom species, such as, palmitoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, heptadecenoic acid, erucic acid, and nervonic acid, however, the level of these fatty acids are comparatively low to oleic acid level in the majority of the studied mushroom species [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ].…”

“…As aforementioned, the fungal lipid profile contains a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Based on the literature, the findings have been presented to show that palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) were commonly being reported in the fatty acid composition analysis of the extract from mushroom biomass [ [16] , [17] , [18] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] ]. From the literatures studying 17 edible mushroom species, generally, the percentage of palmitic acid is higher than stearic acid, ranging from 2.37 % to 21.3 %.…”