Standardization of a protocol to extract and analyze chlorophyll a and carotenoids in Gracilaria tenuistipitata Var. Liui. Zhang and Xia (Rhodophyta)

Mäerl/rhodolith beds are protected habitats that may be affected by ocean acidification (OA), but it is still unclear how the availability of CO 2 will affect the metabolism of these organisms. Some of the inconsistencies found among OA experimental studies may be related to experimental exposure time and synergetic effects with other stressors. Here, we investigated the long‐term (up to 20 months) effects of OA on the production and calcification of the most common mäerl species of southern Portugal, Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Both the photosynthetic and calcification rates increased with CO 2 after the first 11 months of the experiment, whereas respiration slightly decreased with CO 2. After 20 months, the pattern was reversed. Acidified algae showed lower photosynthetic and calcification rates, as well as lower accumulated growth than control algae, suggesting that a metabolic threshold was exceeded. Our results indicate that long‐term exposure to high CO 2 will decrease the resilience of Phymatolithon lusitanicum. Our results also show that shallow communities of these rhodoliths may be particularly at risk, while deeper rhodolith beds may become ocean acidification refuges for this biological community.

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“…Carotenoids concentration was calculated according to Torres et al. ();

Carotenoids false(normalμ normalg false/ ml false) = false(1, 000 \times A_{470} - 1.90 \times Chl a false) / 214

where:

{normalA}_{470} - absorbance at 470 nm

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High CO₂ decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

Sordo

Santos

Barrote

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The extract was then centrifuged (Heraeus Megafuge 16R; Thermo scientific, MA, United States) for 5 min at 2,000 × g and 4 • C, and the supernatant absorbance was read at 470 and 661.6 nm. The pigment concentrations were calculated using the equations of Torres et al (2014) adapted from Lichtenthaler and Buschmann (2001) for red algae:…”

Section: Photosynthetic Pigmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Calcification of a Temperate Maërl Bed in Southern Portugal

et al. 2020

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Rhodolith (maërl) beds are biodiversity hotspots with a worldwide distribution. Maërl is the general term for free-living non-geniculate rhodoliths or coralline red algae. In southern Portugal, maërl beds are mainly composed of Phymatolithon lusitanicum, recently identified as a new species and commonly misidentified as Phymatolithon calcareum. Photosynthesis, respiration, and growth rates of the algae were measured seasonally, as well as the photosynthetic pigment composition. To characterize the seasonal and interannual patterns of key abiotic conditions in the largest described maërl bed of the Portuguese coast, temperature, irradiance, and dissolved oxygen were continuously monitored over a 2-year period. At the bed depth (22 m), temperature ranged between 14 • C in winter and 24 • C in summer, irradiance varied from 5 to 75 µmol m −2 s −1 , and dissolved oxygen from 5.8 to 7.25 mg O 2 L −1. We found a strong linear relationship (r 2 = 0.95) between gross primary production (GPP) and relative electron transport rates (rETRs). Both methods led to similar results and an average molar ratio of 0.24. Photosynthesis and respiration increased in summer and decreased in autumn and winter. In the summer of 2013, the growth rates were twofold higher (1.34 µmol CaCO 3 g −1 day −1) than in the other seasons. In winter and spring, to compensate for light deprivation and low temperature, algae increased their chlorophyll a and carotenoid concentrations while also decreasing their phycobilin concentration, in this case probably due to nutrient limitation. To isolate the role of temperature on the algae's metabolism, the photosynthetic and respiration rates of individual thalli were measured at eight different temperatures in the laboratory (from 12 • C to 26 • C). Phymatolithon lusitanicum photosynthesis increased twofold after a threshold of 18 • C (from 2.2 at 18 • C to 3.87 µmol O 2 m −2 s −1 at 20 • C), whereas respiration increased fourfold with temperature after a threshold of 22 • C (from −0.38 at 18 • C to −1.81 µmol O 2 m −2 s −1 at 24 • C). The significant increases on respiration, photosynthetic rates, and maximum growth with temperature reveal that the metabolic rates of P. lusitanicum are highly sensitive to ocean warming.

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“…60 Centrifugation process It is carried out by mixing of raw material and solvent in a container and is allowed for centrifugation which proceeds by ltration.…”

Section: Centrifugation Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green extraction methods and environmental applications of carotenoids-a review

Singh

Ahmad

2015

RSC Adv.

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This review covers and discusses various aspects of carotenoids including their chemistry, classification, biosynthesis, extraction methods (conventional and non-conventional), analytical techniques and biological roles in living beings. Carotenoids play a very crucial role in human health through foods, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Among carotenoids, lycopene acts as best antioxidant.Various extraction methods have been employed for extraction of carotenoids: solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction, centrifugation and non-conventional methods of extraction such as ultrasoundassisted, microwave-assisted, enzymatic and the innovative technique supercritical carbondioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction. The green and environmentally friendly technique for extraction of carotenoids is SC-CO 2 extraction which extracts pure compound in high yield without the use of harmful organic solvents, it operates at lower temperature so it is useful for extraction of thermolabile compounds. This technique uses SC-CO 2 as green solvent and other solvents as modifiers which are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvents. Green technology is the need of present time in order to keep environment healthy, pollution free and sustainable for coming generation. Present review includes several analytical techniques used to identify and quantify carotenoids are: thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible) spectrophotometry; out of these, NMR and FTIR have been explored the least for carotenoid analysis.

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Standardization of a protocol to extract and analyze chlorophyll a and carotenoids in Gracilaria tenuistipitata Var. Liui. Zhang and Xia (Rhodophyta)

Cited by 38 publications

References 15 publications

High CO₂ decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

High CO₂ decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

Seasonal Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Calcification of a Temperate Maërl Bed in Southern Portugal

Green extraction methods and environmental applications of carotenoids-a review

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Standardization of a protocol to extract and analyze chlorophyll a and carotenoids in Gracilaria tenuistipitata Var. Liui. Zhang and Xia (Rhodophyta)

Cited by 38 publications

References 15 publications

High CO2 decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

High CO2 decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

Seasonal Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Calcification of a Temperate Maërl Bed in Southern Portugal

Green extraction methods and environmental applications of carotenoids-a review

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High CO₂ decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum

High CO₂ decreases the long‐term resilience of the free‐living coralline algae Phymatolithon lusitanicum