Green extraction methods and environmental applications of carotenoids-a review

Abstract

This review covers and discusses various aspects of carotenoids including their chemistry, classification, biosynthesis, extraction methods (conventional and non-conventional), analytical techniques and biological roles in living beings. Carotenoids play a very crucial role in human health through foods, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Among carotenoids, lycopene acts as best antioxidant.Various extraction methods have been employed for extraction of carotenoids: solvent extraction, soxhlet extraction, centrifugation and non-conventional methods of extraction such as ultrasoundassisted, microwave-assisted, enzymatic and the innovative technique supercritical carbondioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction. The green and environmentally friendly technique for extraction of carotenoids is SC-CO 2 extraction which extracts pure compound in high yield without the use of harmful organic solvents, it operates at lower temperature so it is useful for extraction of thermolabile compounds. This technique uses SC-CO 2 as green solvent and other solvents as modifiers which are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvents. Green technology is the need of present time in order to keep environment healthy, pollution free and sustainable for coming generation. Present review includes several analytical techniques used to identify and quantify carotenoids are: thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet-Visible) spectrophotometry; out of these, NMR and FTIR have been explored the least for carotenoid analysis.

Técnicas emergentes de extracción de β-caroteno para la valorización de subproductos agroindustriales de la zanahoria (Daucus carota L.): una revisión

“…El b-caroteno es un compuesto carotenoide presente en la zanahoria (Daucus carota L.) con alto valor comercial y presenta un crecimiento en el mercado global por sus numerosas aplicaciones en la industria farmacéutica, alimentaria y cosmética, de igual forma, por sus beneficios en la salud. El b-caroteno juega un rol muy importante en la prevención de enfermedades del sistema inmune y otras enfermedades, como el cáncer de mama, próstata, colorectal y de pulmón; asimismo, para el tratamiento de la osteoporosis, desórdenes cardiovasculares, salud visual y problemas de sensibilidad en la piel (Singh;Ahmad, 2015).…”

Health benefits of carotenoids and potential application in poultry industry: A review

“…Additionally, it has also been reported that these pigments activate the cell communication and immune system (Singh et al, 2015).…”

“…Lycopene can also reduce the risk of cancer, including ovarian, breast, prostate, cervical and liver cancer. (Singh et al, 2015). On the other hand, Giovannucci et al (1995) found that higher concentration of lycopene effectively reduce the chances of cardiovascular diseases.…”

Analytical method for metabolites involved in biosynthesis of plant volatile compounds

“…Several methods have been applied for extraction and analysis of carotenoids in plant tissues, and there is no generally accepted standard method for carotenoid extraction in laboratories. [85][86][87][88] Most extraction methods follow a common path involving release of the desired components from their matrices by disrupting the plant tissue, followed by removal of any unwanted components. Chloroform is more suitable than hexane, light petroleum (boiling point 40-60 C), diethyl ether, or ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent, and can efficiently extract a broad range of carotenoids.…”