Functional properties and Bioactivities of Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala berry plant: a review

Abstract

On treating various diseases, natural therapies are widely preferred in the modern era to synthetic drugs as they offer little or no side effects, in contrast to synthetic drugs. However, there is limited scientific knowledge about plants that have a broad range of medicinal properties. Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala, native to Thailand and generally known as Ma-kiang in Thai, is one of the least documented plant species. Due to its richness in phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins, C. nervosum var. paniala has been used in traditional medicine to treat several health complications. The fruits, seeds, and leaves of C. nervosum var. paniala have been reported to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, and neuroprotective properties. The extracts of C. nervosum var. paniala are non-toxic to living systems, and they also can activate the immune system. Moreover, they are widely used in industrial applications, such as in functional food products and in many health products, due to the colored anthocyanin pigments and the anthocyanin benefits of C. nervosum var. paniala. However, there is a need to conduct research in this berry species to identify the mechanism behind its medicinal properties. The present review summarizes the functional properties and bioactivities of C. nervosum var. paniala based on available scientific information.

Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala seed extracts exhibit sigma-1 antagonist sensitive neuroprotective effects in PC12 cells and protect C. elegans from stress via the SKN-1/NRF-2 pathway

“…Cells were then incubated for 5-7 days to allow differentiation in a humidified 5 % CO 2 atmosphere at 37 • C, with the medium being replaced every 2-3 days. Once the PC12 cells were differentiated (5-7 days after the addition of NGF), the cells were pretreated with LMKS (1-0.1 g/ml) for 24 hours prior to the addition of 10 M A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) . Treated and control cells were incubated for a further 18 hours with 10 M A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) , before the cell survival was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as described previously [15,48].…”

“…Once the PC12 cells were differentiated (5-7 days after the addition of NGF), the cells were pretreated with LMKS (1-0.1 g/ml) for 24 hours prior to the addition of 10 M A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) . Treated and control cells were incubated for a further 18 hours with 10 M A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) , before the cell survival was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as described previously [15,48]. A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) was selected over the A␤ and A␤ fragments as A␤ (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) shows a much faster fibril formation rate than the longer amyloid peptides and retains the toxicity of the full length A␤ (1-40/42) ...…”

“…The berries are used in Thai traditional medicine and often used as a 'functional food' in health drinks due to its appealing sweet and sour flavor [29]. C. nervosum has been implicated as beneficial in a wide number of disease states, including caner, immune disease and neurodegenerative diseases [30]. The berries have a distinctive dark red color, produced by anthocyanins as well as other antioxidants and phenolic compounds [31].…”

“…In previous studies we have identified C. nervosum fruit extracts to have anti-aging and anti-stress properties in C.elegans OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the neuroprotective properties of C. nervosum seed extracts and investigate the mechanisms behind their neuroprotective properties. METHODS: PC12 cells were differentiated using NGF and treated with amyloid-␤ (A␤) (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) creating a model of neurodegeneration, in which C. nervosum seed extracts were tested for neuroprotective properties. Cell viability was measured after 24 hours of using the MTT assay.…”

Extraction of koumine from Gelsemium Elegans Benth. and its therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis in mice

“…Therefore, the new high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs still need to be developed for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. There were many kinds of plant and their components have the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities (Costa et al, 2020;Prasanth et al, 2020). Koumine (molecular formula: C 20 H 22 N 2 O; molecular weight: 306.40148) is an alkaloid monomer isolated from the medicinal plant Gelsemium Elegans Benth..…”