Spatial approach of leprosy in the State of São Paulo, 2009-2012

Abstract

BackgroundLeprosy is a chronic, infectious disease that affects the skin and the peripheral nervous system and can lead to permanent disability and/or deformity.ObjectivesTo identify the distribution and to quantify the spatial dependence of the detection rates of new cases of Hansen’s disease in the State of São Paulo, correlating with socioeconomic variables.MethodsEcological and exploratory study with data on the detection rates of new cases of Hansen’s disease among residents of São Paulo State municipalities between 2009-2012. The average rate per 10,0000 inhabitants was estimated. Information on the proportion of the population with low-income and the values of the Gini index were obtained. Thematic maps were constructed with the average rates and with those obtained by the Bayesian estimator; Moran and Kernel maps were also constructed. Spatial analysis by TerraView program. An alpha of 5% was adopted.ResultsIn total, 7163 new cases of Hansen’s disease were recorded throughout the state. The average rate per 10,000 inhabitants, was 0.71 (SD = 1.06), ranging from zero to 12.87, with higher rates in the west of the State, in the metropolitan area of the capital and the Paraiba Valley. Municipalities with high priority for intervention were located in the west and northwest of the State. There was no correlation between rates with Gini index and low income.Study limitationsPossible inconsistency of Hansen’s disease notification database regarding information quantity, quality and processing.ConclusionsThis study identified the distribution and quantified the spatial dependence of the detection rates of new cases of Hansen’s disease in the State of São Paulo, corroborating previous studies and serving as a subsidy to health managers.

Geospatial Epidemiology of Leprosy in Northwest Bangladesh: A 20-year Retrospective Observational Study

“…The gradual increase in the number of reported cases after 2012 and 2013, might be due to the roll out of extra case nding surveys, intended to reach the case inclusion targets for the intervention studies that started in those years (24). The heterogeneous spatial epidemiological patterns of leprosy incidence that are shown in this study, are also known to be present in India (20,40,41) and Brazil (42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48).…”

Geospatial epidemiology of leprosy in northwest Bangladesh: a 20-year retrospective observational study

“…The gradual increase in the number of reported cases after 2012 and 2013, might be due to the roll out of extra case finding surveys, intended to reach the case inclusion targets for the intervention studies that started in those years [ 24 ]. The heterogeneous spatial epidemiological patterns of leprosy incidence that are shown in this study, are also known to be present in India [ 20 , 40 , 41 ] and Brazil [ 42 – 48 ]. The high rate of PB cases is well-known for this area [ 49 ] and is thought to be driven by genetic differences relative to Brazil and Southeast Asia, for example, where MB cases predominate [ 50 ].…”

Características epidemiológicas e espaço-temporal de casos novos de hanseníase em municípios do estado de Alagoas, Brasil

“…Nestas áreas, o mapa Moran identificou 20 municípios com alta prioridade de atenção à hanseníase (Barbosa, et al, 2018). Já em São Paulo, entre os anos de 2009 e 2012, foi observado municípios com altas TDCN no mapa temático (8,65/100.000 hab e mais), localizados na região oeste do estado, na região metropolitana da capital e em alguns municípios do Vale do Paraíba (Ferreira & Nascimento, 2019). As maiores TDCN identificadas em algumas regiões podem ser, em parte, explicadas pelo crescimento descontrolado da população associado aos movimentos populacionais (procedentes do interior do estado e/ou de outras regiões do país, principalmente Norte-Nordeste), sem melhora da estrutura urbana e condições de vida dessas populações (Murto, et al, 2013;Murto, et al, 2014).…”