Two new Neotropical species of Drosophilinae (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Uruguay

Standardized terminology and visual atlas of the external morphology and terminalia for the genusScaptomyza(Diptera: Drosophilidae)

“…The 68 papers in which all 273 formally known Scaptomyza species were described were examined, and the terminology adopted in the 53 English publications was compiled [ 9 , 11–14 , 17 , 31 , 34–79 ]. Since the majority of work on standardization of morphological nomenclature over the past three decades has taken place in English and this is the language used by the majority of modern Scaptomyza publications, we excluded 15 publications, all but three of which were written prior to WWII, written in French [ 80–83 ], German [ 84–90 ], and Latin [ 91–94 ].…”

“…Attached to the first flagellomere is the arista, and the presence and number of dorsal and ventral branches (rays), as well as how deep the terminal fork is, are important characters to define Scaptomyza species and subgenera [ 17 , 75 ]. In addition, the shapes of the first flagellomere and pedicel are also diagnostic characters [ 17 , 75 ] and their colour is frequently included in species descriptions [ 9 ]. Walker [ 11 ] used the term ‘feelers’ to refer to the antennae and Okada [ 44 ] used the expression ‘hairs in front of arista’ to refer to the setulae on the first flagellomere.…”

“…About 63% of Scaptomyza species may only be found in remote oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, the Marquesas, Tristan da Cunha, and Saint Helena Islands [ 5 ]. The other 101 species are distributed on all continents, including continental islands such as Japan and Taiwan, except Antarctica [ 8 , 9 ].…”

“…The taxonomy of Scaptomyza , as well as the Drosophilidae as a whole, advanced further with the inclusion of male terminalia descriptions and illustrations [ 15 ], since it became clear through culturing and crossing species in lab conditions that there were cryptic species, undistinguishable by external morphology [ 16 ]. Throughout the 20 th century, analysis of male terminalia started occupying a central role in Scaptomyza taxonomy [ 17 ], and it remains the main characteristic used to define species in modern descriptions [ 9 ].…”

Substratos de desenvolvimento larval de Drosophilidae (Diptera) na reserva florestal do Instituto de Biociências da USP

“…Os frascos foram vedados com rolhas de esponja sintética e mantidos em câmara de temperatura (22 ±1 ºC) e fotoperíodo (13 h: 11 h, C: E) controlados. Os indivíduos emergidos dos substratos foram retirados com aspirador bucal a cada 24 horas, e transferidos para frascos cilíndricos de vidro contendo meio de cultura de banana-ágar modificado (Goñi & Vilela, 2016), nos quais foram mantidos vivos (quando possível) na mesma câmara por pelo menos uma semana, para que seus exoesqueletos pudessem endurecer e escurecer. Na sequência, as moscas foram mortas com vapor de éter sulfúrico e armazenadas em tubos de microcentrífuga de 2 ml contendo solução aquosa de etanol 70% e 5% de glicerina.…”