Factors affecting escape distance in birds

Piratelli, Augusto João; Favoretto, Gabriela Rodrigues; Maximiano, Marina Franco de Almeida

doi:10.1590/s1984-46702015000600002

Cited by 28 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Many studies of escape behavior in birds focused on the influence of external factors affecting behavioral responses: habitat quality (Burger, Gochfeld, Jenkins, & Lesser, 2010), the direction of approach by predators (Møller & Tryjanowski, 2014), intruder starting distance (Blumstein, 2013;Glover et al, 2011), number or density of intruders (Geist, Liao, Libby, & Blumstein, 2001), population density (Mikula, 2014), urbanization (Samia et al, 2017), road speed limits (Legagneux & Ducatez, 2013), insular distribution (Cooper, Pyron, & Garland, 2014), predator-prey interactions (Møller, 2008b), spatial gradients of predator abundance (Díaz et al, 2013), or daytime and season when FID was measured (Burger & Gochfeld, 1991;Piratelli, Favoretto, & de Almeida Maximiano, 2015). Blumstein (2006) has made links between escape behavior and life history and natural history traits (e.g., diet) in birds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We explored differences in FID between environments because previous studies suggested significant differences between urban and rural birds (Díaz et al, 2013;Piratelli et al, 2015;Samia et al, 2017). The ecological rationale for this expectation is that vigilance and FID increase with group size because of the many eyes effect, and vigilance can be transmitted more easily (or quickly) when there are many individuals in a flock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, the aim of this study was to test whether FID in birds increases with the number of conspecifics (flock size), focusing on differences between environments, latitudes, and species' traits such as diet. We explored differences in FID between environments because previous studies suggested significant differences between urban and rural birds (Díaz et al, 2013;Piratelli et al, 2015;Samia et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds

Morelli

Benedetti

Dı́az

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator–prey interactions. Among the factors affecting FID, tests of effects of group size (i.e., number of potential prey) on FID have yielded contrasting results. Group size or flock size could either affect FID negatively (i.e., the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e., increased vigilance due to more eyes scanning for predators). These effects may be associated with gregarious species, because such species should be better adapted to exploiting information from other individuals in the group than nongregarious species. Sociality may explain why earlier findings on group size versus FID have yielded different conclusions. Here, we analyzed how flock size affected bird FID in eight European countries. A phylogenetic generalized least square regression model was used to investigate changes in escape behavior of bird species in relation to number of individuals in the flock, starting distance, diet, latitude, and type of habitat. Flock size of different bird species influenced how species responded to perceived threats. We found that gregarious birds reacted to a potential predator earlier (longer FID) when aggregated in large flocks. These results support a higher vigilance arising from many eyes scanning in birds, suggesting that sociality may be a key factor in the evolution of antipredator behavior both in urban and rural areas. Finally, future studies comparing FID must pay explicit attention to the number of individuals in flocks of gregarious species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds

Morelli

Benedetti

Dı́az

et al. 2019

Ecology and Evolution

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“…The observer measured AD and FID following Fernández-Juricic and Schroeder (2003) and Blumshtine (2005Blumshtine ( , 2006. A modified protocol from Rezanov (2002) was followed to study other components of escape behaviour including jump-off or walking away from the observer. We named the two components of the FID index FID-F and FID-MG; if the bird flew, it was categorised as FID-F and if it moved away from the observer on the ground, it was categorised as FID-MG. We determined the AD, FID-F and FID-MG for only adult birds in spring and summer and for both adults and older chicks from late summer on because the older chicks are indistinguishable from adults at this time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing corvid tolerance to humans in urban ecosystems with increasing latitude

Poddubnaya

Korotkova

Vanicheva

2020

BioComm

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The rapid growth of cities causes behaviour changes in birds in response to urban environmental factors. The avian response to human disturbance has recently been studied by a non-invasive research tool as an alert distance (AD) and a flight initiation distance (FID) assessment. The tolerance of hooded crows (n = 395), jackdaws (n = 394) and rooks (n = 169) to humans was assessed by AD and FID. It was shown that the FID of all species is maximal during the summer, when the parents send clear “danger—fly away” signals to the young and the birds fly away. The AD and FID of the three species reliably correlates with the season. Rooks showed FID species-specificity in seven cities of Eastern Europe. Comparison of the attitude of birds to people in cities that have similarities in human culture showed that tolerance increases with increasing latitude in all species and is statistically significant only in the jackdaw. This should be taken into account in environmental protection measures.

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“…Individuals should therefore adjust their sensitivity to an approaching predator based on this balance of costs and benefits. This decision may vary within the same population, depending, for instance, on the time of day and the condition of satiation (Piratelli et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relating flight initiation distance in birds to tropical dry forest restoration

Osorio‐Beristain¹,

Rodríguez²,

Martínez‐Garza³

et al. 2018

Zoologia

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Flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which an individual flees from an approaching predator, might depend on how the individual perceives the risk of being predated. Using a standardized walking approach method on focal bird individuals, we investigated whether different levels of vegetation cover (habitat) influence the perception of predation risk. To do this, we worked in an area of tropical dry forest in central Mexico that is currently part of a restoration ecology experiment. We hypothesized that restoration decreases individual’s predation risk perception by increasing the complexity of the vegetation cover. The escape responses of three tropical birds with different diets and foraging strategies were also contrasted. There was no effect of habitat on FID, suggesting that birds in both habitats perceived predation risk in a similar manner. There was, however, a difference in FID among species: the Golden-cheeked Woodpecker tolerated closer human presence before flight than the Inca Dove and Streak-backed Oriole. This difference is likely due to the use of an alternative avoidance strategy of this species, which uses trunks for hiding. To decrease birds’ perceived predation risk, restoration intervention plans should include a mosaic of larger excluded plots located near relatively well-conserved sites to increase the area covered by vegetation.

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Factors affecting escape distance in birds

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds

Contagious fear: Escape behavior increases with flock size in European gregarious birds

Increasing corvid tolerance to humans in urban ecosystems with increasing latitude

Relating flight initiation distance in birds to tropical dry forest restoration

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