Misalignment of pulmonary vessels with alveolar capillary dysplasia is a rare cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Most of the reported cases have been sporadic. We present two consecutive affected siblings with this disorder. This is the fifth reported family occurrence of this condition. In addition to the pulmonary abnormality, one of our cases had duodenal atresia.

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Juvenile papillomatosis of the breast ("Swiss cheese disease") is a benign localized proliferative condition of the breast which occurs almost exclusively in young adult women. Patients with this lesion often have a family history of breast carcinoma, and rarely carcinoma may coexist with the lesion at the time of diagnosis. We present two cases of male infants with juvenile papillomatosis of the breast. The pathology and clinical management of this novel lesion is discussed.

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Aim: To determine the agreement rates between clinical and autopsy diagnoses in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), distinguishing between the main diagnosis and cause of death. Methods: Clinical and autopsy records of 75 infants who died in two consecutive years in the NICU (autopsy rate 42.6%) of a pediatric hospital in Mexico City were reviewed. Results: Ninety‐two percent of main clinical diagnoses were confirmed by autopsy. Four conditions (congenital cardiopathy, prematurity, specific congenital syndromes and hyaline membrane disease) accounted for more than two‐thirds of diagnoses. However, for cause of death, the global agreement was only 50%. The most common conditions considered by clinicians (77%) and pathologists (56%) to be the causes of death were cardiogenic, septic or mixed shocks. Additionally, clinicians omitted 34 relevant conditions in 30 (40.0%) patients, and 21 of these conditions possibly played a role in the deaths of 17 (22.7%) patients. The most frequently omitted diagnosis was pneumonia, in 9 (26.5%) patients. Omissions were not related to gestational age, age at death, days as an inpatient, or gender. Conclusion: Despite a high agreement rate in the main diagnoses, notable imprecisions were present regarding cause of death and antemortem overlooking of potentially fatal conditions, confirming the useful role of autopsy to verify clinical diagnoses and suggesting that differentiation between the main diagnosis and cause of death should be carried out in future studies.

Despite a high agreement rate in the main diagnoses, notable imprecisions were present regarding cause of death and antemortem overlooking of potentially fatal conditions, confirming the useful role of autopsy to verify clinical diagnoses and suggesting that differentiation between the main diagnosis and cause of death should be carried out in future studies.

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Flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which an individual flees from an approaching predator, might depend on how the individual perceives the risk of being predated. Using a standardized walking approach method on focal bird individuals, we investigated whether different levels of vegetation cover (habitat) influence the perception of predation risk. To do this, we worked in an area of tropical dry forest in central Mexico that is currently part of a restoration ecology experiment. We hypothesized that restoration decreases individual’s predation risk perception by increasing the complexity of the vegetation cover. The escape responses of three tropical birds with different diets and foraging strategies were also contrasted. There was no effect of habitat on FID, suggesting that birds in both habitats perceived predation risk in a similar manner. There was, however, a difference in FID among species: the Golden-cheeked Woodpecker tolerated closer human presence before flight than the Inca Dove and Streak-backed Oriole. This difference is likely due to the use of an alternative avoidance strategy of this species, which uses trunks for hiding. To decrease birds’ perceived predation risk, restoration intervention plans should include a mosaic of larger excluded plots located near relatively well-conserved sites to increase the area covered by vegetation.