First report of Sapajus cay naturally infected by Trypanosoma cruzi in San Pedro Department, Paraguay

Abstract

To verify the occurrence of natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in non-human primates from a rural endemic area of the east region of Paraguay, xenodiagnosis was performed in 35 animals belonging to two species. For genotyping and T. cruzi discrete typing unit (DTU) assignment, a combination of four markers was used, including amplification products of the small (18S) and large (24Sα) subunits of ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene, the intergenic region of mini-exon gene and the heat shock protein 60 Eco-RV polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (HSP60/EcoRV-PCR-RFLP). One specimen of Sapajus cay was found positive and infected by the DTU TcII. This result constitutes the first record of natural T. cruzi infection in a sylvatic monkey in Paraguay, harbouring a DTU associated with severe Chagas disease in humans.Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi, primates, Paraguay. ResumoCom o objetivo de verificar a infecção natural por Trypanosoma cruzi em primatas não-humanos de uma área endêmica rural da região leste do Paraguai, foi realizado o xenodiagnóstico em 35 animais pertencentes a duas espécies. Para a genotipagem foi utilizada a unidade discreta de tipagem (UDT) do T. cruzi, em uma combinação de quatro marcadores, incluindo amplificação de produtos de pequena (18S) e grande (24Sα) subunidades do gene do ácido ribonucleico ribossômico, da região intergênica de miniéxon e do gene da proteína de choque térmico 60 (HSP60/ EcoRV-PCR-RFLP), pela reação em cadeia da Polimerase. Um espécime de Sapajus cay se mostrou positivo pelo UDT TcII. Este resultado constitui o primeiro relato da infecção natural pelo T. cruzi em um macaco silvestre no Paraguai, abrigando um UDT associado com a doença de Chagas grave em humanos.Palavras-chave: Trypanosoma cruzi, primatas, Paraguai.

A lineage-specific rapid diagnostic test (Chagas Sero K-SeT) identifies Brazilian Trypanosoma cruzi II/V/VI reservoir hosts among diverse mammalian orders

“…Our results confirm the high prevalence of TcII/V/VI infections in Brazilian Leontopithecus primates in the Atlantic Forest region of eastern Brazil, not in the Amazonian forest [29,30]. Beyond Brazil, TcII was recently isolated by xenodiagnosis of a free-living capuchin (Sapajus cay) from eastern Paraguay [31], and T. cruzi genotypes compatible with TcII, TcV and TcVI were reported in howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in northern Argentina [32]. The occurrence of these lineages in non-contiguous areas of South America and their broad range of host genera suggest that the primate ecological cycles of these lineages are far from fully elucidated.…”

Hosts and vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in the Chagas disease endemic region of the Paraguayan Chaco

“…Likewise, this DTU has been reported from one monkey (Acosta et al . 2016) and one E. sexcinctus , in Paraguay (Yeo et al 2005) and from sylvatic mammals in Brazil (Fernandes et al 1999; Bhattacharyya et al 2015; Lisboa et al . 2015).…”

“…Recently, TcII was reported infecting one sylvatic T. infestans in the Bolivian Chaco (Waleckx et al 2012). Likewise, this DTU has been reported from one monkey (Acosta et al 2016) and one E. sexcinctus, in Paraguay (Yeo et al 2005) and from sylvatic mammals in Brazil (Fernandes et al 1999;Bhattacharyya et al 2015;Lisboa et al 2015). Sylvatic TcII reservoirs are of particular interest as it is considered to be ancient (Westenberger et al 2005;de Freitas et al 2006).…”

Sensibilidad in vitro a benznidazol, nifurtimox y posaconazol de cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi de Paraguay

“…Asimismo, en las infecciones naturales las cepas, al ser multiclonales, por lo general están constituidas por varias poblaciones con diferentes tipos de tropismo tisular que modificarían su comportamiento biológico (19)(20)(21). En diversos estudios se ha evidenciado una gran variabilidad genética en las poblaciones de T. cruzi en Paraguay y se las ha encontrado infectando distintas clases de huéspedes: humanos, insectos triatominos domiciliarios animales silvestres, especialmente armadillos, marsupiales y, últimamente, primates, así como animales domésticos (perros) (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).…”