Position of arm and forearm, and elbow flexion during performance of the sculling technique: Technical recommendation versus actual performance

Gomes, Lara Elena; Melo, Mônica de Oliveira; Tremea, Victor Wigner; Torre, Marcelo La; Silva, Yumie Okuyama da; Castro, Flávio Antônio de Souza; Loss, Jefferson Fagundes

doi:10.1590/s1980-65742014000100005

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…Several kinematic studies have investigated various sculling techniques, most of which have focused on motion analysis (Francis & Smith, 1982, 1983Gomes et al, 2014;Hall, 1985Hall, , 1996Homma & Homma, 2005Homma, Homma, & Washizu, 2008;Rutkowska-Kucharska & Wuchowicz, 2016;Rybuyakova, Lesgaft, & Pybyakova, 1991;Zinzen, Antonis, Cabri, Serneels, & Clarys, 1992). In particular, for flat sculling, Homma and Homma (2005) analysed flat sculling techniques used by ten elite artistic swimmers employing a three dimensional-direct linear transformation (3D-DLT) method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do elite artistic swimmers generate fluid forces by hand during sculling motions?

Homma

Okamoto

Takagi

2019

Sports Biomechanics

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The purpose of this study was to clarify how elite artistic (synchronised) swimmers generate fluid forces with their hands during two kinds of sculling motions: flat sculling in the back-layout position and support sculling in the vertical position. We used the pressuredistribution measuring method to estimate unsteady fluid forces acting on the hand during sculling motions performed by seven elite artistic swimmers. In addition, we simultaneously analysed sculling motions using three dimensional-direct linear transformation methods. We found that sculling motions continuously generated fluid forces that are large during the stroke phase and small during the transition phase. Lift force was efficiently generated, and a large upward propulsive force was obtained during the stroke phase in both flat and support sculling. During the outside transition from out-to in-sculling, the net vertical load (= gravitational force-buoyant force) was supported by the drag force. In both flat and support sculling, artistic swimmers generated an even fluid force in the upward direction during the in-sculling and out-sculling phases to maintain a stable position.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How do elite artistic swimmers generate fluid forces by hand during sculling motions?

Homma

Okamoto

Takagi

2019

Sports Biomechanics

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The suitability of Sanders’ model for calculation of the propulsive force generated by the hands during sculling motion

Gomes

Boeira

Loss

2016

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study examined whether Sanders' model is suitable for estimating accurately the propulsive force generated by the hands' motion in swimming comparing the calculated force obtained using the model and the measured force during an actual propulsive action. The measured and calculated forces were obtained from 13 swimmers who, while tethered, performed a sculling motion in a prone position for the purpose of displacing the body by moving it forward. Kinematic analyses were conducted to obtain the calculated force, while the measured force was obtained via the use of a load cell. The calculated force was lower than the measured force and accounted for only a small part of the variation in the measured force. The forces could not be used interchangeably, and there were fixed and proportional differences between them. Consequently, this study indicates that Sanders' model is not suitable for estimating accurately the propulsive force generated by the swimmer's hands during sculling motion. However, research that integrates analyses from different approaches could result in improvements to the model that would render it applicable for estimating the propulsive forces during movements that are characterised by directional changes of the hands.

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Biomechanical analyses of synchronised swimming standard and contra-standard sculling

Gomes

Diogo

Castro

et al. 2018

Sports Biomechanics

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Synchronised swimming involves a variety of sculling movements essential for body support and propulsion but its study is scarce. We aimed to biomechanically compare standard and contra-standard sculling techniques, and to observe the relationship between measures. Six synchronised swimmers performed two, 30 s maximal intensity, fully tethered standard and contra-standard sculling motions. Kinetic and kinematic data were obtained using a load-cell and underwater cameras, respectively. Force decreased along both techniques' bouts, but no differences in-between techniques were noted for any kinetic variables. Standard sculling presented a higher cycle rate and a lower elbow mean angle than the contra-standard sculling (2.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.2 cycles/s and 134.1 ± 5.8 and 141.5 ± 4.7°, p < 0.05). In the standard sculling, by removing and maintaining the variation between participants (r and r, respectively), the absolute mean force was directly related with cycle rate (r = 0.60) and wrist angular velocity during flexion (r = 0.82), while in the contra-standard condition the force was inversely associated with wrist mean angle (r = -0.95) and directly with hand speed (r = 0.76), and elbow angular velocity (r ≈ 0.60). Therefore, technique learning and training require different attention by coaches and swimmers.

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Position of arm and forearm, and elbow flexion during performance of the sculling technique: Technical recommendation versus actual performance

Cited by 4 publications

References 11 publications

How do elite artistic swimmers generate fluid forces by hand during sculling motions?

How do elite artistic swimmers generate fluid forces by hand during sculling motions?

The suitability of Sanders’ model for calculation of the propulsive force generated by the hands during sculling motion

Biomechanical analyses of synchronised swimming standard and contra-standard sculling

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