Abstract:Human temporal bones in teaching ear surgery are rare. The lamb's temporal bone might be a possible alternative.
Material and Methods:Temporal bones of the lamb were dissected with a typical temporal bone lab drilling program. We included a mastoidectomy, endaural approaches, but also analyzed the outer appearance, the external ear canal and the hypotympanon. Some steps differed from preparation done in humans. The morphometric results were compared to the known anatomy of human in order to verify the lambs` t… Show more
“…1 ) or stapes relative to the velocity at the umbo in the sheep is appreciably smaller than the corresponding magnitude ratio in the human (Dobrev et al 2016 ), indicating that middle-ear mechanics in the sheep may be different from middle-ear mechanics in the human. Several studies have been done to document the anatomy of the sheep middle ear (Seibel et al 2006b ; Gurr et al 2011 ); however, these studies have not provided sufficient quantitative information for mathematical formulation of a model. Fig.…”
The sheep middle ear has been used in training to prepare physicians to perform surgeries and to test new ways of surgical access. This study aimed to (1) collect anatomical data and inertial properties of the sheep middle-ear ossicles and (2) explore effects of these features on sound transmission, in comparison to those of the human. Characteristic dimensions and inertial properties of the middle-ear ossicles of White-Alpine sheep (n = 11) were measured from high-resolution micro-CT data, and were assessed in comparison with the corresponding values of the human middle ear. The sheep middle-ear ossicles differed from those of human in several ways: anteroinferior orientation of the malleus handle, relatively small size of the incus with a relatively short distance to the lenticular process, a large area of the articular surfaces at the incudostapedial joint, and a relatively small moment of inertia along the anterior-posterior axis. Analysis in this study suggests that structure and orientation of the middle-ear ossicles in the sheep are conducive to an increase in the hinge-like ossicular-lever-action around the anterior-posterior axis. Considering the substantial anatomical differences, outcomes of middle-ear surgeries would presumably be difficult to assess from experiments using the sheep middle ear. Keywords Hinge-like rotational motion • Middle-ear ossicles • Moment of inertia • Principal moment of inertia • Sheep Abbreviations 3D Three dimensional C.O.M Center of mass CT Computed tomography FT Stapes footplate IMJ Incudomalleal joint ISJ Incudostapedial joint MI Malleus-incus complex consisting of the malleus and incus MIS Intact middle-ear ossicular chain consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes PMOI Principal moments of inertia STL Standard tessellation language
“…1 ) or stapes relative to the velocity at the umbo in the sheep is appreciably smaller than the corresponding magnitude ratio in the human (Dobrev et al 2016 ), indicating that middle-ear mechanics in the sheep may be different from middle-ear mechanics in the human. Several studies have been done to document the anatomy of the sheep middle ear (Seibel et al 2006b ; Gurr et al 2011 ); however, these studies have not provided sufficient quantitative information for mathematical formulation of a model. Fig.…”
The sheep middle ear has been used in training to prepare physicians to perform surgeries and to test new ways of surgical access. This study aimed to (1) collect anatomical data and inertial properties of the sheep middle-ear ossicles and (2) explore effects of these features on sound transmission, in comparison to those of the human. Characteristic dimensions and inertial properties of the middle-ear ossicles of White-Alpine sheep (n = 11) were measured from high-resolution micro-CT data, and were assessed in comparison with the corresponding values of the human middle ear. The sheep middle-ear ossicles differed from those of human in several ways: anteroinferior orientation of the malleus handle, relatively small size of the incus with a relatively short distance to the lenticular process, a large area of the articular surfaces at the incudostapedial joint, and a relatively small moment of inertia along the anterior-posterior axis. Analysis in this study suggests that structure and orientation of the middle-ear ossicles in the sheep are conducive to an increase in the hinge-like ossicular-lever-action around the anterior-posterior axis. Considering the substantial anatomical differences, outcomes of middle-ear surgeries would presumably be difficult to assess from experiments using the sheep middle ear. Keywords Hinge-like rotational motion • Middle-ear ossicles • Moment of inertia • Principal moment of inertia • Sheep Abbreviations 3D Three dimensional C.O.M Center of mass CT Computed tomography FT Stapes footplate IMJ Incudomalleal joint ISJ Incudostapedial joint MI Malleus-incus complex consisting of the malleus and incus MIS Intact middle-ear ossicular chain consisting of the malleus, incus, and stapes PMOI Principal moments of inertia STL Standard tessellation language
“…For small ruminants, attention was focused towards the sheep (Ayres Seibel, Lavinsky, & Preto De Oliveira, 2006;Bergin et al, 2013;Gurr, Kevenhörster, Stark, Pearson, & Dazert, 2010;Gurr, Pearson, & Dazert, 2011;Schnabl et al, 2012;Simaei, Soltanalinejad, Najafi, & Shalizar Jalali, 2017), and to the best of our knowledge, no in-depth studies of middle ear components of goat being published in this respect.…”
The present paper deals with a detailed description of the auditory ossicles in Capra hircus. The paper focuses on the morphological and morphometrical description of the ossicular assembly, formed by malleus, incus and stapes. The malleus (overall length, as average‐ 8.16 mm) comprises the head of malleus (Caput mallei), a slightly strictured part—neck (Collum mallei) with 3 distinctive processes (lateral, rostral and muscular) (Processus lateralis, Processus rostralis and Processus muscularis) and a handle (Manubrium mallei). The head of malleus has an oval aspect with an obtuse articular surface on its medial surface (Facies articularis). The neck is evident with three bony processes described—the anterior, almost triangular, the muscular one quite reduced and the lateral one which is the most developed one. The manubrium is the longest sector—4.4 mm and appears as a slightly curved piece. The incus presents a body of 1.3 mm and two processes—the short and long crus (Crus breve and Crus longum). The overall shape of the ossicle resembles a biradicular molar. The lenticular process is a continuation of the distal part of the long crus. The stapes—the smallest in size of the three ossicles (2.7 mm), has a head (Caput stapedis), an anterior (Crus rostrale) and a caudal (Crus caudale) arm and a footplate (Basis stapedis). The two processes are slightly different in size and morphology, delimiting the intercrural space that shows the presence of a bony spicule. The footplate (1.6 mm2 area) is ellipsoidal, with an anterior narrower extremity.
“…Participants, consisting of faculty members from the ENT department, were invited to simulate mastoid bone drilling on fresh-frozen sheep heads using the Vitom 3D exoscope. Participants viewed two short videos demonstrating the use of the Vitom 3D system and a journal article explaining the anatomy of sheep temporal bones 16 beforehand. The surgeons were provided with 3D glasses, and PPE consisting of an FFP3 face mask (or equivalent respirator), visor, gown and gloves.…”
Objective
The application of a 4K display resolution three-dimensional exoscope system (Vitom 3D) was evaluated to determine the feasibility of adopting the system in ENT surgery in the coronavirus disease 2019 era and beyond.
Methods
Eighteen ENT surgeons performed structured otological tasks on fresh-frozen sheep heads using the Vitom 3D. Structured feedback of the participants’ experience was analysed.
Results
Seventy-four per cent and 94 per cent of participants reported that the Vitom 3D was ergonomic and comfortable to use respectively. Whilst colour fidelity and image quality were very good, 50 per cent of participants reported image distortion and pixilation at the highest magnification. All participants agreed that there was an increased educational value to exoscope technology. Half the participants preferred the microscope over the Vitom 3D for fine otological work, which may reflect the learning curve.
Conclusion
The Vitom 3D exoscope is a promising and viable alternative for performing otological surgery when using full personal protective equipment in the coronavirus disease 2019 era.
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