Influence of artificial saliva in biofilm formation of Candida albicans in vitro

Abstract

Due to the increase in life expectancy, new treatments have emerged which, although palliative, provide individuals with a better quality of life. Artificial saliva is a solution that contains substances that moisten a dry mouth, thus mimicking the role of saliva in lubricating the oral cavity and controlling the existing normal oral microbiota. This study aimed to assess the influence of commercially available artificial saliva on biofilm formation by Candida albicans. Artificial saliva I consists of carboxymethylcellulose, while artificial saliva II is composed of glucose oxidase, lactoferrin, lysozyme and lactoperoxidase. A control group used sterile distilled water. Microorganisms from the oral cavity were transferred to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies of Candida albicans were suspended in a sterile solution of NaCl 0.9%, and standardisation of the suspension to 10 6 cells/mL was achieved. The acrylic discs, immersed in artificial saliva and sterile distilled water, were placed in a 24-well plate containing 2 mL of Sabouraud Dextrose Broth plus 5% sucrose and 0.1 mL aliquot of the Candida albicans suspension. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 5 days, the discs were washed in 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl and placed into a tube containing 10 mL of 0.9% NaCl. After decimal dilutions, aliquots of 0.1 mL were seeded on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. Counts were reported as CFU/mL (Log10). A statistically significant reduction of 29.89% (1.45 CFU/mL) of Candida albicans was observed in saliva I when compared to saliva II (p = 0.002, considering p ≤ 0.05).

Dose-dependent effect of lysozyme upon Candida albicans biofilm

“…However, a previous study has demonstrated that a similar concentration range of lysozyme (6–100 µg/ml) significantly inhibited C. albicans biofilm formation on an acrylic resin surface (33). In contrast, a separate study demonstrated no significant reduction in C. albicans attachment on acrylic resin disks immersed in a solution containing lysozyme, lactoferrin and glucose oxidase complex/lactoperoxidase (35). These conflicting observations are consistent with the present study, where the susceptibility of C. albicans wild strains to lysozyme differed from one another.…”

“…The in vitro effect of lysozyme on C. albicans biofilms remains controversial: certain studies demonstrated no beneficial effect of artificial saliva-containing lysozyme and other salivary proteins on yeast adhesion to acrylic resin (35), while others demonstrated a preventive role for lysozyme with respect to C. albicans biofilm formation on dentures (33). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have explored the link between C. albicans biofilm formation and lysozyme agglutination properties, previously described at 1 mg/ml concentration (22).…”

The Effect of Nigella Sativa (Black Cumin) Seed Extract on Candida Albicans Viability

“…In the production of herbal medicines, the extraction process and choice of an appropriate solvent are important [22]. In the present study, the maceration method was chosen due to several advantages including a minimal amount of organic solvent and the ability to maintain the extraction temperature below the solvent boiling point to avoid degradation of the oil component by heating [23].…”

Novas tendências de combate ao biofilme de Candida em próteses dentárias

“…Silva et al 28 Nesse estudo in vitro foi utilizada uma coloração diferencial e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) para avaliar o efeito do hipoclorito de sódio e do gluconato de clorhexidina na viabilidade, remoção e morfologia do biofilme de C. albicans em prótese acrílica.…”

“…Esse microrganismo leveduriforme não é prejudicial em seres humanos saudáveis, mas pode ocasionar infecções oportunistas em pacientes imunocomprometidos, resultando em candidíase 25 principalmente na idade senil, quando se faz necessário o uso de próteses artificiais que causam mudanças no ambiente e na flora oral 26 . A patogenicidade da Candida foi associada a diversos fatores de virulência, englobando adesão a células hospedeiras ou dispositivos médicos e secreção de enzimas hidrolíticas, como proteases, fosfolipases e hemolisinas 27,28 . Além disso, os principais fatores determinantes do curso infeccioso são saliva, formação de biofilmes e natureza do substrato, que pode variar individualmente e em relação ao tipo de microrganismo 2 .…”