Arrhinolemur scalabrinii Ameghino, 1898, of the late Miocene : a taxonomic journey from the Mammalia to the Anostomidae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

Abstract

The fossil species Arrhinolemur scalabrinii, which was described from late Miocene deposits of Entre Ríos, Argentina, is reevaluated. Whereas the species was originally placed in the Primates (Mammalia) and later made the unique member of the order Arrhinolemuroidea within the Mammalia, our analysis indicates that the specimen is rather a fish of the genus Leporinus, family Anostomidae (Characiformes). The species is redescribed, and the characters that support its new generic assignment are discussed.A espécie fóssil Arrhinolemur scalabrinii, descrita de depósitos do Mioceno Superior de Entre Ríos, Argentina, é reavaliada. Apesar da espécie ter sido originalmente incluída em Primata (Mammalia), constituindo-se posteriormente no único membro da ordem Arrhinolemuroidea dentro de Mammalia, nossa análise indica que o espécime trata-se de um peixe do gênero Leporinus, família Anostomidae (Characiformes). A espécie é redescrita, e os caracteres que fundamentam a nova posição do gênero são discutidos.

A new endangered species of Megaleporinus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the Rio de Contas basin, eastern Brazil

“…on ANSP 205745, MZUSP 48123). The same condition is apparently present in the fossil of Leporinus scalabrinni (Bogan et al ., ). However, the condition present in M. gaiero is distinct and no other species of Anostomidae bears a similar condition (Sidlauskas and Vari, ; see also the Comparative Material section).…”

A morphological supermatrix‐based phylogeny for the Neotropical fish superfamily Anostomoidea (Ostariophysi: Characiformes): phylogeny, missing data and homoplasy

“…For example, Bogan et al. () scored and analysed an anostomid fossil skull for just 27 of the 158 total characters (17% of the matrix) and placed it phylogenetically deep in the family Anostomidae (support metrics not indicated). Grande and Bemis () combined a matrix consisting primarily of missing data (58–97% missing entries; their appendix D, p. 679) from six trace fossils with a more complete data matrix consisting primarily of fossil taxa and while noting issues with inclusion of such large amounts of missing data (pp.…”

“…That robustness implies that fossil taxa may be accurately placed topologically (e.g. Kearney and Clark, 2003;Wiens, 2003;Bogan et al, 2012;Weiss et al, 2014) via a morphological supermatrix despite lacking entire character systems (e.g. soft body systems such as myology).…”

“…soft body systems such as myology). For example, Bogan et al (2012) scored and analysed an anostomid fossil skull for just 27 of the 158 total characters (17% of the matrix) and placed it phylogenetically deep in the family Anostomidae (support metrics not indicated). Grande and Bemis (1998) combined a matrix consisting primarily of Table 3 The total number of character state changes from supermatrix, and number of homologous (CI = 1) and homoplastic (CI < 1) character distributions found at the superfamily, family and intrafamily levels based on the majority-rule consensus parsimony topology Significantly more perfect homologs occur at deeper, i.e.…”

A southern species of the tropical catfish genus Phractocephalus (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in the Miocene of South America

“…Along with the Phractocephalus remains, many described and undescribed teleosteans occur: catfishes (doradids, callichthyidse, loricariidse, pimelodids, ariids), characiforms (Cynodontidae indet., the Serrasalmidae Megapiranha paranensis Cione et al, 2009, the Anostominae Leporinus scalabrinii Bogan et al, 2012; the Characidae Salminus noriegai Cione et al, 2013a, perciforms (Sciaenidae indet. ) (Arratia and Cione, 1996;Cione et al, 2013b).…”