EVALUATION OF CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN OF Plasmodium vivax TO ESTIMATE ITS PREVALENCE IN OIAPOQUE , AMAPÁ STATE, BRAZIL, BORDERING FRENCH GUIANA

Abstract

SUMMARYMalaria is a major health problem for people who live on the border between Brazil and French Guiana. Here we discuss Plasmodium vivax distribution pattern in the town of Oiapoque, Amapá State using the circumsporozoite (CS) gene as a marker. Ninety-one peripheral blood samples from P. vivax patients have been studied. Of these, 64 individuals were from the municipality of Oiapoque (Amapá State, Brazil) and 27 patients from French Guiana (August to December 2011). DNA extraction was performed, and a fragment of the P. vivax CS gene was subsequently analyzed using PCR/RFLP. The VK210 genotype was the most common in both countries (48.36% in Brazil and 14.28% in French Guiana), followed by the P. vivax-like (1.10% in both Brazil and French Guiana) and VK247 (1.10% only in Brazil) in single infections. We were able to detect all three CS genotypes simultaneously in mixed infections. There were no statistically significant differences either regarding infection site or parasitaemia among individuals with different genotypes. These results suggest that the same genotypes circulating in French Guiana are found in the municipality of Oiapoque in Brazil. These findings suggest that there may be a dispersion of parasitic populations occurring between the two countries. Most likely, this distribution is associated with prolonged and/or more complex transmission patterns of these genotypes in Brazil, bordering French Guiana.

Chloroquine and mefloquine resistance profiles are not related to the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) VK210 subtypes in field isolates of Plasmodium vivax from Manaus, Brazilian Amazon

“… 21 These findings are consistent with results from previous studies reporting that the VK210 variant is the most frequent in malaria-endemic areas of the Brazilian Amazon. 12 , 13 , 22 In fact, Machado and Póvoa 12 suggested that VK210 is the best-adapted variant in Brazil as well as the world, as this variant has also been reported to be predominant in cases from Afghanistan, Iran, Azerbaijan, India, Thailand and Guiana.…”

“…Previous studies have used serological and molecular analysis to describe the occurrence of these three variants in both pure and mixed infections in Brazil. 6 , 12 , 13 …”

Enteroparasite and vivax malaria co-infection on the Brazil-French Guiana border: Epidemiological, haematological and immunological aspects

“…Due to Oiapoque's local genetic diversity and the combined effects of the geographical structure of the border between Brazil and French Guiana in a regional, national and international context, there is a dispersion of Plasmodium vivax populations between the two countries [ 64 ]. Establishing P .…”

The Regulation of Immune System by Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Heart Disease Patients Infected With Toxoplasmosis

“…Traditionally, Cytokines can be divided into proinflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, based on global effects in animal models or direct effects on individual immune-cell populations (Stegall , 2010). Interleukins are small protein molecules that signal specific cells to regulate the immune systems of organisms, they are primarily synthetized by T cells, monocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells (Gomes ,2016). IL-12 is clearly important in initiating a strong and effective cellmediated immunity against T. gondiitachyzoite, IL-10 appears tomodulate both IL-12 and IFNγsynthesis in vivo, avoiding an excessive immune response that could cause extensive inflammation and host tissue damage.…”