Cardiotoxic effects of venoms from Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsalmus sp. on an invertebrate model

Abstract

Extracted venoms from two species of cubozoan, Chironex fleckeri (C. fleckeri) and Chiropsalmus sp., were injected into the freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (C. quadricarinatus). By means of a Vascular Doppler, the cardiac parameters heart rate and contraction amplitude were recorded, with the theoretical total heart output calculated from these two recordings. Cherax quadricarinatus reflects prey items utilized by these two species in the wild and so comparisons of venom action on this animal have greater ecological relevance than those of previous mammalian models used. While the results of this study reflect previous research showing that the overall potency of C. fleckeri venom is greater than that of Chiropsalmus sp. venom, the action of the venoms on the heart muscle is found to be different. Chironex fleckeri, which has the most potent venom out of these two species, is actually less effective in reducing cardiac activity than Chiropsalmus sp., which may be a direct reflection of the variation in primary prey utilized by each species.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Four Cerianthid (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia) Venoms

“…This packaging of toxins into individual nematocysts scattered throughout the animal impedes the ability to isolate crude venoms for downstream analysis, which is further exacerbated in smaller or rare species of cnidarians. There are several protocols for isolating venom from nematocysts (e.g., [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]), but these methods, as noted above, are typically restricted to larger or easy to obtain animals (e.g., corals and sea anemones, true jellies such as Chrysaora and Cyanea ), species of medical relevance (e.g., Physalia , box jellies), or those that can be easily maintained in a lab (e.g., Hydra [ 63 ], Nematostella [ 64 ]). Next generation sequencing technologies provide a solution to this problem, and have greatly increased the ability of researchers to screen the diversity of putative venom-like genes for neglected or poorly studied venomous species, including cnidarians [ 65 ].…”

Dataset of Swimming behavioral alterations in Danio rerio by Nemopilema nomurai jellyfish venom

“…Jellyfish nematocyst venom extraction is based on Carrette and Seymour [4] . with a slight modification.…”