Effect of laser welding on the titanium ceramic tensile bond strength

Abstract

Titanium reacts strongly with elements, mainly oxygen at high temperature. The high temperature of titanium laser welding modifies the surface, and may interfere on the metal-ceramic tensile bond strength.ObjectiveThe influence of laser welding on the titanium-ceramic bonding has not yet been established. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of laser welding applied to commercially pure titanium (CpTi) substructure on the bond strength of commercial ceramic. The influence of airborne particle abrasion (Al2O3) conditions was also studied. Material and MethodsForty CpTi cylindrical rods (3 mm x 60 mm) were cast and divided into 2 groups: with laser welding (L) and without laser welding (WL). Each group was divided in 4 subgroups, according to the size of the particles used in airborne particle abrasion: A - Al2O3 (250 µm); B - Al2O3 (180 µm); C - Al2O3 (110 µm); D - Al2O3 (50 µm). Ceramic rings were fused around the CpTi rods. Specimens were invested and their tensile strength was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 200 kgf load cell. Statistical analysis was carried out with analysis of variance and compared using the independent t test (p≤0.05). ResultsSignificant differences were found among all subgroups (p<0.05). The highest and the lowest bond strength means were recorded in subgroups WLC (52.62 MPa) and LD (24.02 MPa), respectively. ConclusionAirborne particle abrasion yielded significantly lower bond strength as the Al2O3 particle size decreased. Mechanical retention decreased in the laser-welded specimens, i.e. the metal-ceramic tensile bond strength was lower.

Effect of Bonding Agent Application Method on Titanium‐Ceramic Bond Strength

“…But Carpenter and Goodkind 30 found that a roughened surface increases the oxide layer, which appears helpful in the case of other PB alloys, but may not be helpful in Ti. Of 37 previous in vitro studies on the titanium/porcelain bond, 13 18,26,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] cast the Ti; two 42,43 reported milling the Ti surface or receiving manufacturer-supplied milled beams, 18 5,9,14,15,17,21,25,27,[44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53] polished the beams, and four 13,54-56 did not describe the Ti In this investigation, we tried to duplicate the surface roughness and topography of clinical specimens. The surface roughness of a typical milled Ti coping (Fig 7) was compared with that of the beams (Fig 8) using a noncontact surface profilometer (ContourGT; Bruker USA, Camarillo, CA).…”

“…But Carpenter and Goodkind found that a roughened surface increases the oxide layer, which appears helpful in the case of other PB alloys, but may not be helpful in Ti. Of 37 previous in vitro studies on the titanium/porcelain bond, 13 cast the Ti; two reported milling the Ti surface or receiving manufacturer‐supplied milled beams, 18 polished the beams, and four did not describe the Ti surface preparation or roughness. Of nine clinical studies, only Kaus et al evaluated cast Ti; six studies evaluated the Procera® milling/EDM process, and two evaluated the Everest® milling process.…”

Bonding of Dental Ceramics to Titanium: Processing and Conditioning Aspects

“…Surface roughening by airborne particle abrasion (Al 2 O 3 particles) is considered to be a standard operating procedure [72] that enhances the porcelain bond strength [57,73]. Thus, several authors suggest that abrasion with large alumina particles is advantageous in increasing the surface roughness of titanium, at the same time decreasing surface contamination by the embedding of alumina particles [74,75]. It has been suggested that airborne particle abrasion with silica-coated alumina particles (Rocatec®, 3M ESPE, USA), or abrasion with a mixture of Al 2 O 3 and silica particles (Rolloblast® 50 μm, Renfert, Germany), is more effective than the conventional airbornealumina particle abrasion [21,73].…”

Comparative analysis of ceramic flexural strength in co-cr and ni-cr alloys joined by TIG welding and conventional brazing

“…However, difficulty in handling, susceptibility to oxidation, high melting temperature, and inferior finishing are the main disadvantages of these alloys 3,8 . The advantages of basic metal alloys include high fracture strength, high modulus of elasticity, rigidity, and resistance to permanent deformation 9,10 .An additional advantage of the metal structure of a fixed prosthesis is its resistance to plastic deformation 11 .…”

“…TIG welding process involves joining metal structures by heating and melting them through an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the parts to be fused 16 . The most commonly used gases during TIG welding are helium and argon 10,17 . Although the use of TIG welding in dentistry is uncommon, some studies show the superiority of this technique compared to conventional brazing 18,19 .…”