Facial and dental alterations according to the breathing pattern

Abstract

There is controversy in the literature about possible interaction of the respiratory mode with the facial and dental structures.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to perform a longitudinal assessment of the changes in facial and dental structures in Angle’s Class II, division 1 malocclusion individuals, divided according to the respiratory pattern (predominantly nasal or mouth), at two distinct moments of craniofacial development.Material and MethodsPogonium and nose measurements were made on the lateral cephalometric tracings (LS’-Pog’, LS’-B’, B’-Pog’, Pog’-PogTeg’, Line NB, Pog-NB, N'-Prn, Prn-NPog, N-Prn-Sn, Prn-Sn-LS). Dental measurements were made on the plaster models (distances between the tips of the canine cusps and the tips of mesial cusps of the first molars) of 40 individuals aged 10 to 14 years (moment 1) and 13 to 16 years (moment 2), 23 being nose breathers (NB) and 17 being predominantly mouth breathers (MB).ResultsThe Student’s-t test and two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were applied to indicate differences between the mean values of these variables according to the moments and/or respiratory mode.ConclusionsThere were alterations in the facial measurements, without interference of the breathing pattern. However, the breathing pattern influenced dental alterations.

Maternal breastfeeding, parafunctional oral habits and malocclusion in adolescents: A multivariate analysis

“…To our knowledge, these results are unprecedented in the literature, as studies of the effects of breastfeeding on dental and skeletal occlusion traditionally fail, with certain exceptions [10,11,41,43], to assess confounding bias or interactions and instead merely observe the unadjusted associations between variables. In this sense, some studies report an unadjusted association between FB/BSP and Angle malocclusion [19], between bruxism and Angle malocclusion [44,45], and between mouth breathing and malocclusions [46]. Mouth breathers demonstrated considerable backward and downward rotation of the mandible, increased overjet [47], such as skeletal class II or class III facial profiles [48], compared to the nasal breathers group.…”

Effects of conventional and orthodontic pacifiers on the dental occlusion of children aged 24–36 months old

“…Some evidence indicates that NNSHs lead to the occurrence of anterior open bite (AOB), anterior overjet (AO), Angle's Class II malocclusion, posterior crossbite (PCB), and enamel alteration . These abnormalities might alter breathing, mastication, deglutition, and phonation.…”

Características de la oclusión en respiradores bucales de 6 a 12 años de la Clínica del Niño en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Antioquia

“…Muchos de los respiradores bucales pueden ser dolicocefálicos, con relaciones esqueléticas clase iii por hipoplasia del maxilar. En cualquier caso, la literatura permanece en controversia sobre la posible interacción de la clasificación de la respiración con las estructuras faciales y dentales [12]. Conviene hacer análisis más detallados que incorporen variables relacionadas con el biotipo facial, corporal y craneal con la presencia de hábitos bucales.…”

“…La relación entre alteraciones esqueléticas y dentales con la respiración bucal ha sido documentada en trabajos previos [10,11], aunque el tema es sujeto de numerosas controversias, ya que en algunos estudios la relación se comporta en forma similar a la respiración nasal [12]. Es importante tener en cuenta que la presencia de maloclusiones es un problema cada vez más frecuente en la población mundial, especialmente en la población infantil, y es considerado como un problema de salud pública, dado que tiene gran impacto en la calidad de vida [13], y teniendo en cuenta su prevalencia entre las patologías bucales, junto a la caries y la enfermedad periodontal [13,14].…”