Evaluation of clinical periodontal conditions in smokers and non-smokers

Abstract

Given that tobacco smoking habit is a risk factor for periodontal diseases, the aim of this study was to compare clinical periodontal aspects between smokers and non-smokers. The clinical status were assessed in 55 patients, 29 smokers and 26 non-smokers, aged 30 to 50 years, with mean age of 40. The clinical parameters used were: probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) for arches (upper and lower) and teeth (anterior and posterior). Tooth loss was also evaluated in both groups. Multiple regression analysis showed: tendency of greater probing depth and clinical attachment level means for smokers; greater amount of plaque in smokers in all regions; greater gingival index means for non-smokers with clinical significance (p<0.05) in all regions. Although, without statistical significance, the analysis showed greater gingival bleeding index means almost always for non-smokers; similar gingival recession means in both groups and tendency of upper tooth loss in smokers and lower tooth loss in non-smokers. The findings of this study showed that clinical periodontal parameters may be different in smokers when compared to non-smokers and that masking of some periodontal signs can be a result of nicotine's vasoconstrictor effect.

Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review

“…1 Smoking is the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases. [2][3][4][5] Cross-sectional studies have shown that smokers are two to seven times more likely to present periodontitis, compared to nonsmokers, 2,6,7 and smoking has been associated with tooth loss during periodontal maintenance as well. 7,8 With respect to surgical or non-surgical periodontal therapy, several studies have shown that smokers have a worse response to treatment when compared to nonsmokers.…”

Sigara ve Periodontal Sağlık İlişkisi

“…Maksiller implant failleri sigara içenlerde (%10.9) içmeyen veya sigarayı bırakmış bireylere(%6.4) göre daha fazla görülmektedir (67). Güncel bir TARTIŞMA Sigara içimi periodontal hastalığın görülme olasılığı ve hastalığın şiddeti için majör bir risk faktörüdür (80). Kesitsel çalışmalar sigara içenlerin periodontitise yatkınlığının, sigara içmeyen bireylere göre 2-7 kat arttığını göstermektedir (81).…”

Tobacco-gene activity profile in Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola.

“…There is a negative, dose-dependent relationship between smoking and periodontal health (63,64). Smokers are also more refractory to periodontal treatment than non-smokers (64).…”