“…Dolores-Flores and García-García (2017) investigated the intra-mathematical and extra-mathematical connections, García-García and Dolores-Flores (2018, 2021a, 2021b emphasized the mathematical connections established by pre-university students when they solve tasks that involve the derivative and the integral. There are other research that show students' difficulties in learning the derivative concept, reporting that they mostly use derivation rules and solve problems mechanically through formulas (Fuentealba et al, 2015(Fuentealba et al, , 2018a(Fuentealba et al, , 2018bMuzangwa & Chifamba, 2012;Sánchez-Matamoros et al, 2008). Furthermore, Feudel and Biehler (2020) argue that students have insufficient understanding of the concept of rate, which is one of the reasons why students have difficulty understanding the derivative in application contexts.…”