Study of the renal parenchymal volume during the human fetal period

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the renal parenchymal area in human fetuses, providing a descriptive analysis on the renal area development by demographic factors during the second gestational trimester. Material and Methods: We analyzed 84 fetuses (44 males and 40 females), for a total of 168 renal units evaluated in terms of longitudinal length, superior pole width, inferior pole width and thickness. Renal volume was calculated by ellipsoid formula. After renal pelvis dissection, length and width were evaluated; as pelvis is free of urine, we considered thickness as 1mm. Renal pelvis volume was also calculated by ellipsoid formula. Renal parenchymal area was assessed by excluding the volume of the renal pelvis from the total renal volume. We performed the statistical analysis by simple linear regression assessing the association between the variables analyzed with the fetal age. Results: Gestational age ranged from 12 to 23 weeks post conception. Mean renal parenchymal area of the right kidney was 666.22mm 3 (45.86 to 2375.35mm 3 ) and for the left kidney was 606.76mm3 (68.63 to 2402.57mm 3 ). No statistical difference was observed between the sides (p-value = 0.3456) or genders (p-value = 0.07429). Linear regression between renal parenchymal volume and gestational age was positive for right kidney (y = 133.74x-1479.94 / r 2 = 0.4009) and left kidney (y = 149.53x-1761.59 / r 2 = 0.4591). Conclusions: The linear regression analysis indicated that renal parenchymal area correlated significantly and positively with fetal age, weight and crown-rump length with no statistical differences between gender or laterality. These growth curves provide a reference for functional volume of the kidney during fetal period.

Associations of Sex Hormone-binding Globulin with Bone Mineral Density Among US Adults, NHANES 2013–2016

“…28 The pelvis BMD will be increased, because the pelvis is a major structure which in conjunction with upper and lower body and withstands the weight of a human body. 29,30 On the contrary, little effect of traction or external rotation on thoracic spine and the main effect of sex steroid hormones was not statistically significant with total BMD. Meanwhile, the experimental results are not consistent with theoretical results based on the different baseline of BMD, and the ratio of bone loss will not be exactly identical.…”

Anencephaly alters renal parenchymal volume in human fetuses?

“…We considered the thickness of the renal pelvis as 1mm, so the fetal renal pelvis volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula too: fetal renal pelvis volume (RpvV)=renal pelvis length x renal pelvis thickness (=1mm) x renal pelvis width x 0.523. An accurate assessment of the renal parenchymal volume (RpcV) can be obtained by subtacting the volume of the renal pelvis from the total renal volume (20)(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

Individual anatomic variability of the renal pyelocaliceal system and upper urinary tract in the fetal period of human otogenesis

“…Дослідження особливостей індивідуальної анатомічної мінливості нирок та верхніх сечових шляхів у плодовому періоді внутрішньоутробного розвитку (ВУР) людини дозволить з'ясувати етіологію та сформувати чітку уяву про причини та час виникнення варіантів будови та можливої появи вроджених вад сечовидільної системи [1][2][3][4]. Розвиток нирки -дуже складний та багатоетапний процес, який може порушитися генетичними мутаціями, особливо через дефект факторів транскрипції чи пренатального впливу тератогенних чинників, недостатнє харчування матері може погіршити пренатальний розвиток нирки.…”