Since the description of Lutzomyia longipalpis by Lutz and Neiva
more than 100 years ago, much has been written in the scientific literature about
this phlebotomine species. Soares and Turco (2003) and Lainson and Rangel (2005) have
written extensive reviews focused on vector-host-parasite interactions and American
visceral leishmaniasis ecology. However, during the last two decades, the success of
Lu. longipalpis in colonising urban environments and its
simultaneous geographical spreading have led to new theoretical and operational
questions. Therefore, this review updates the general information about this species
and notes the more challenging topics regarding the new scenario of
urbanisation-spreading and its control in America. Here, we summarise the literature
on these issues and the remaining unsolved questions, which pose recommendations for
operational research.