Detection of both vanA &amp;amp; vanB genes in vanA phenotypes of Enterococci by Taq Man RT-PCR

Razavi

New Microbes and New Infections

et al. 2018

IntroductionThe clinical significance of enterococci is mostly related to its antibiotic resistance which contributes to colonization and infection, in particular amongst the hospitalized patients. The present review has examined the literature to provide a comprehensive data on enterococci antibiotic resistance during the last 20 years in Iran.MethodsSearch engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed were used to identify all Persian and English-language articles investigating enterococci in Iran from 1996 to 2017. The search terms were “enterococci”, “enterococcal”, “enterococcus”, “Iran”, “bacterial resistance”, “antibiotic resistance” and “resistance”.ResultsDecrease in the resistance trend against ampicillin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin was observed over a period of 15 years (2001 to 2016) in Iran. During a 10 years period from 2001 to 2015, the rate of resistance among Enterococcus faecalis species was less than Enterococcus faecium. The resistancerate, however, was considerably increased for both species during this period. The mean resistance rates for vancomycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfametoxazol, imipenem and teicoplanin were higher among complicated cases (patients with underlying debilitating disorders) compared to general cases (hospitalized or outpatients with no specific underlying disorder).ConclusionsE. faecalis and E. faecium showed a rise in the mean resistance against all the antibiotics during a 10-year period from 2010 to 2015. With the exception of penicillin and ampicillin, resistance to all antibiotics was higher amongst complicated cases compared to general patients.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rise of antibiotic resistance in clinical enterococcal isolates during 2001–2016 in Iran: a review

Razavi

New Microbes and New Infections

et al. 2018

“…The amplicons from both, vanA and vanB genes, in strains with the VanA resistance phenotype were mainly detected in enterococci from wild-living birds. The amplicons from these two genes were also detected in VanA phenotypically resistant clinical isolates of E. faecium and E. faecalis [31], and in VanB phenotype E. faecium [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in fecal samples of birds from South-Eastern Poland

et al. 2019

BackgroundThe incidence of human infection and colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has increased in the recent years. Environmental sources, including bird droppings, might play an important role as resistance reservoirs.ResultsFresh fecal samples were collected from rooks and wild-living birds during the autumn-winter period of 2016/2017, and tested for the presence of bacteria associated with human diseases. Besides bacteria representing the genera Enterococcus, Campylobacter, Escherichia, and Staphylococcus, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Hafnia, and Pseudomonas were also identified. The susceptibility of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. isolates to methicillin, and vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively, was analyzed to assess the avian wildlife as a reservoir of MRSA and VRE strains. Twenty-two percent of all S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. These strains were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using the most widely used primer sets specific for the mecA gene. Twenty percent of all Enterococcus strains were phenotypically vancomycin-resistant. The presence of van resistance genes in these strains was investigated by PCR using vanA and vanB gene-specific primers. A good correlation between mecA gene detection and disc diffusion data was observed, while some discrepancy was noted between the PCR data and the vancomycin/teicoplanin phenotypic resistance pattern. The incidence of strains resistant to methicillin and glycopeptide antibiotics in wild-living birds was twice that in rooks.ConclusionsThe study suggests that rooks from urban areas and passerine birds from the natural habitat carry antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. and S. aureus strains, probably reflecting the presence of such isolates in the environmental food sources.

“…ARGs that encode resistance to beta-lactams/cephalosporins (bla CMY , bla SHV ), vancomycin (vanA and vanB), macrolidelincosamide (ermB) and colistin (mcr-1) were enumerated by RT qPCR. Primers CMY_fwd/CMY_rev, SHV_fwd/SHV_rev (Roschanski et al, 2014), vanAF/vanAR, vanBF/vanBR (Mirzaei et al, 2015), erm (B)-91f/erm (B)-454r and mcr1FP/ mcr1RP (Hembach et al, 2017) were used correspondingly (Supplementary Table S1).…”

Section: Quantitative Real-time Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance in Black Sea Microbial Communities

Prekrasna

Pavlovska

Dzhulai

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

Background: Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are considered as pollutants and are found in natural and anthropogenically impacted environments. Distribution of ARGs in marine environment poses a threat to human health turning the water body into a pool for the ARGs’ transmission.Objectives: A large-scale study of antibiotic resistance in microbial communities has been performed in the Black Sea, both in the coastal and offshore regions.Methods: The quantitative distribution of the genes responsible for the inactivation of the beta-lactam (blaCMY, blaSHV), vancomycin (vanA, vanB), macrolides (ermB) and colistin (mcr-1) was assessed with real-time quantitative PCR. Concentrations of the antibiotics belonging to the classes of beta-lactam/cephalosporin/carbapenem, macrolides and glycopeptides were determined by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS.Results: The present study revealed the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes targeting the response to all antibiotics included in our analysis at various locations across the Black Sea. According to the ARGs copy number normalized to the 16S rRNA, vanB (2 × 10−1 ± 1 × 10−1) and blaSHV (4 × 10−2 ± 1 × 10−2) were the most numerous genes, followed by blaCMY (1 × 10−2 ± 3 × 10−3) and mcr-1 (3 × 10−2 ± 2 × 10−2). The less abundant gene was ermB (1 × 10−3 ± 5 × 10−4) and vanA (1 × 10−5 ± 5 × 10−4). The mcr-1, blaCMY and blaSHV had moderate positive correlation with markers of ruminant faecal pollution. The concentration of antibiotics in seawater was below the detection limit. The abundance of all ARGs included in the study was significantly higher (p-value<0.05) within the northwest coastal area when compared to the offshore stations. The results clearly indicate an alarming antibiotic resistance problem in the region and call for a regular monitoring of ARGs abundance in the Black Sea and its major freshwater tributaries.