Longitudinal study on occurrence of adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in raw domestic sewage in the city of Limeira, São Paulo

Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify the presence and annual distribution of adenoviruses and hepatitis A virus in domestic sewage in the city of Limeira, São Paulo. Fifty samples with a volume of 8 liters each were collected weekly from December 2004 to December 2005. The viruses were concentrated by filtration through positively charged ZP60S filter membranes, followed by ultracentrifugation. Human adenoviruses (HAdV) were detected by PCR followed by nested-PCR and screening for species F was done by restriction of the PCR product with TaqI endonuclease. Virus infectivity assays were performed by inoculation of concentrates onto HEp-2 cell monolayers. RT-PCR was used for the detection of hepatitis A virus. HAdV were detected in all samples, and 64% of samples were positive for infectious virus. Species F was present in 82% of the samples. Hepatitis A virus was detected in 48% of the samples. These results demonstrate that HAdV and HAV were present in the domestic sewage of Limeira throughout the period of study, demonstrating the importance of an adequate treatment before the disposal in the environment.

Assessment of enteric viruses in a sewage treatment plant located in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil

“…In Brazil, some studies have been carried out for this purpose (Villar et al, 2007;Barrella et al, 2009;Victoria et al, 2010;Prado et al, 2011), nevertheless, to the knowledge of the authors, none of them was performed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, the capital of the state (Figure 1) (Porto Alegre, 2011).…”

Correlation Analysis of the Seasonality of Adenovirus Gene Detection and Water Quality Parameters Based on Yearly Monitoring

“…Miagostovich et al (2008) found out that human AdVs were among the most frequent enteric viruses detected in stream waters contaminated with sewage discharge in Central Amazonia, Brazil, presenting hot and wet tropical weather, with average temperature of 31.4°C and high precipitation all year long. A similar study on environmental virology was performed by Barrella et al (2009) in the municipality of Limeira, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, presenting tropical weather and high altitude, where rain decreases during winter and the average temperature is 22°C. These authors also observed constant occurrence of AdVs throughout the year.…”

Investigação de surto de hepatite A no Município de Ibiracatu, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2008

“…Como a rota de transmissão do vírus é fecal-oral, tornam-se importantes os investimentos públicos para implementação de estações de tratamento de esgoto eficazes -no sentido de inativar as partículas virais antes do descarte final no meio ambiente -, 17 diminuindo as possibilidades de contágio da doença. Outra contribuição importante para a mudança da epidemiologia da doença seria a vacinação de crianças e, igualmente, de outros grupos de risco.…”

“…15,16 Na cidade de Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil, constatouse que 48,0% das amostras de água coletada de esgotos domésticos ao longo do período de estudo foram positivas para o vírus da hepatite A, evidenciando que a falta de tratamento adequado desse material antes da disposição no meio ambiente facilita o ciclo de contágio da doença. 17 Essas questões têm contribuído para mudar o perfil epidemiológico de uma doença que hoje se manifesta de forma esporádica, como surtos em cidades de pequeno e médio porte, assim como em escolas e creches, 8 …”