Psycological and physiological responses to stress: a review based on results from PET and MRI studies

Cortez, Célia Martins; Cruz, Frederico Alan de Oliveira; Silva, Dı́lson

doi:10.1590/s1516-89132008000700003

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Ultrastructural alterations in the gland have been associated to environmental stress responses [30][31] . Studies have focused on nuclear imaging techniques to detect response of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during the stress [32] . Another study demonstrated that the adrenal glands of the gerbil (Gerbillus tarabuli) had a decrease in cholesterol drops in the cells due to an increase in the production of aldosterone by water-rich diet and to decrease metabolism and adjustments in the concentration of electrolytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Adrenal Glands from the Embryonic Phase to Puberty in Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831)

Lobo

Santos

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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Several authors have underscored the importance of establishing parameters in morphological development by gender comparison to establish clinical and pre-clinical assays through the use of experimental models. Current research compares the morphometry of right and left adrenal glands of males and females and describes differentiation of the cortex and medulla tissue during the embryonic, pre-puberty and puberty phases in Spix´s yellow-toothed cavies. Embryos aged 22 (22D), 25 (25D), 30 (30D), 40 (44D) and >50 (50D) days of gestation and neonates aged 15 (15DPN) (DPN= Days postnatal), 30 (30DPN) and 90 (90DPN) days after birth were analyzed. Comparisons included morphometric and histological analysis in all periods described. When compared the right and left adrenal glands, results show that the length and width have statistical differences (p<0.05). Statistical difference between right and left glans for weight occurred only after 30D in males and after 50D in females. When compared male and females, no statistical difference in the right and left glands was extant. In the case of tissue differences, the glomerular zone is the first to emerge after 22D, followed by the fasciculate zone after 25D and by the reticular zone during the post-natal period. Medullar tissue was spread between the cortical tissue at the onset of development, establishing itself at the center of the organ since the end of pregnancy (>50D) up to puberty. Considering tissue differentiation, there was no difference between the adrenal glands of male and female cavies or between the right and left adrenal glands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Adrenal Glands from the Embryonic Phase to Puberty in Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831)

Lobo

Santos

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Braz. arch. biol. technol.

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“…In biology, the stressor is any stimulus or event capable of establishing the state of stress. Stress is a reactive process to reduce the negative effects caused by the stressor, and stress of state is a state of resistance that aims to maintain the internal equilibrium of the body (and mind), whose final purpose is to adapt the individual to the stressor [39] [43] [44].…”

Section: Concepts and Definitions Of Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stress hormone (cortisol, in human) is able to directly and indirectly initiate and control all stress mechanisms, seeking to maintain of internal equilibrium and adapt the animal to the action of the stressor or stressing situation. The stressor stimulates the state of stress and the forces generated by physiological responses (hormonal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, inflammatory and immune) are resistance forces [39] [45] [48].…”

Section: Definitions Of Stress In Living Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After prolonged stress, there is great chance of the organism starts operating in a regime of lower metabolic activity, with changes in the rate of transfer and transformation of energy/matter, and physiological deficits due to the depletion of mobilized resources [51]. Post-stress alterations can result in major imbalances and result in deep functional changes in tissues and organs [39]…”

Section: Ordinary and Stress Homeostatic Statementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Stress as a Principle of Nature: A Review of Literature

Cortez¹,

Silva²

2020

OJBIPHY

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This review paper attempts to approximate the concept of biological stress to the stress concept in Physics using the phenomenological view of physics to discuss the source of generator forces of biological stress state. Based on the literature, parallels are drawn between the two concepts and a discussion on the steady state in open systems and homeostatic state in biological systems is developed. Using the concepts of thermodynamic entropy and informational entropy, and comparing stress in living systems and nonliving, we attempt to build a basis for a view of stress as a principle of nature linked to the adaptability property of matter, opposing entropy. It is known that the increasing number of microstates possible in a complex system increases the entropy. In that way, entropy is related to the amount of additional information needed to specify the exact physical state of a system, given its macroscopic specification. By controlling the metabolic processes (catabolism-anabolism) to decrease the entropy, stress reduces the number of possible states for which the living system could evolve, avoiding the loss of "life information", preserving its characteristics and preventing its extinction. The loss of function of a species within an ecosystem or of cells within an organ can be showing that the limits of the stress principle were "transgressed". That is, the intensity and/or duration of stress exceeded the capacity of living organism to process of information extracted from stressor and reprogram its physiological mechanisms, activating its adaptability process, while its internal balance is preserved.

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“…However, at increased levels, GCs tend to inhibit hormone secretion 4 . Clinical and experimental studies have shown adverse effects of excess GC on testicular testosterone production 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deleterious effects of prepubertal corticosterone treatment on rat prostate

Pinto

Silva

et al. 2015

Acta Cir. Bras.

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PURPOSE:To investigate the structural and functional changes induced by corticosterone (CORT) in the ventral prostrate (VP) of rats in order to study chronic stress effects in the prepubertal phase. METHODS:Wistar rats received daily saline or CORT injections during the pubertal period from the 5th to 25th day of postnatal life.The animals were distributed into four groups: 1 -Control (n=5); 2 -Control 99mTc-P (n=5); 3 -Treated with CORT (n=14); 4 -Treated with CORT and 99mTc-P (n=10). All rats were sacrificed at two months of age. Technical tissue uptakes of 99mTc-P were used to evaluate the functional and stereological methods for morphological analysis. RESULTS:Acini distribution in the group treated with CORT differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the control. The control group's epithelial average height (10.01±0.24 microns) was statistically significant (p<0.0001) from rats treated with CORT (19.27±0.73microns).The collagen distribution was lower in the treated group (2.79%) when compared to control (3.97%). The radioactivity percentage in the groups marked with 99mTc-P (%Ati/g) did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p=0.285897). CONCLUSION:Chronic administration of corticosterone in prepubertal rats causes changes in their acinar structure and their ventral prostate stroma, indicating possible deleterious effects of this hormone.

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Psycological and physiological responses to stress: a review based on results from PET and MRI studies

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

Development of Adrenal Glands from the Embryonic Phase to Puberty in Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831)

Development of Adrenal Glands from the Embryonic Phase to Puberty in Spix’s Yellow-toothed Cavies (Galea spixii, Wagler, 1831)

Biological Stress as a Principle of Nature: A Review of Literature

Deleterious effects of prepubertal corticosterone treatment on rat prostate

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