Drinking water as a risk factor to poultry health

Amaral, L. A.

doi:10.1590/s1516-635x2004000400001

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(13 reference statements)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This contamination may be due to the use of bell drinkers. Studying the water quality in different types of drinkers, Barros et al (2001) and Valias & Silva (2001) found that bell drinkers may reduce the biological quality of the water provided to broilers, posing a high risk of contamination (Amaral, 2004).As the hygienic status of drinking water varies greatly among farms, methods and strategies to identify critical contamination points need to be identified and updated, and measured to control water-borne diseases at farm level need to be applied. …”

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confidence: 99%

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Effect of the litter material on drinking water quality in broiler production

Garcia

Almeida

Caldara

et al. 2010

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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Considering the importance of drinking water and its effect on broiler performance, drinking water quality was studied using six different litter materials. The presence of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli was investigated. The following litter materials were used in the trial: wood shavings, rice husks, chopped Napier grass (Pennisetum pupureum), 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% wood shavings, 50% sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.) + 50% rice husks, and plain sugarcane bagasse (Saccharum L.). A number of 1620 Ross ® one-dayold chicks were reared in 54 pens measuring 4.5 m 2 each, equipped with a bell drinker and a tube feeder. Water samples were collected in sterile tubes on days 28 and 42 of the rearing period, and submitted to the laboratory for analyses. Microbiological data were organized by classes expressed in a logarithm scale, where the lowest contamination corresponds to class 1 and the highest contamination to class 4. Results showed that total coliform contamination was higher on day 28 than in the end of the rearing period, and that E. coli presence was detected during both analyzed periods. The litter materials that presented lower degree of water contamination, predominantly class 1, were sugarcane bagasse and 50% of sugarcane bagasse and 50% of rice husks. INTRODUCTIONPoultry production has grown in Brazil, and since 2007 an average of 10 million tons of chicken meat are annually produced per year, with approximately 70% sold in the domestic market and 30% as exports (UBA, 2008). Broiler production technology has improved during recent years, allowing production growth within the same built area (Proudfoot et al., 1979;Santos et al., 2000;Santos et al., 2005).The aim of using good litter material in broiler production is to prevent the direct contact of the bird with the floor and to promote the absorption of the fecal moisture. The use of appropriate litter also helps maintaining thermal environment balanced as it may reduce fermentation heat production in the rearing environment (Oliveira & Carvalho, 2002). Several materials have been used as litter, such as wood shavings and rice husks, and other materials, such as paper, peanut hulls, and sand have been studied as alternatives to reduce the use of wood and help preventing lumbering (Hernandes et al., 2002;Santos et al., 2000).Animals need to consume sufficient water to satisfy their requirements. However, more important than water quantity is water quality, as the hygienic and physical-chemical quality of drinking water plays a key role in ensuring efficient animal production (Amaral et al., 1999;Li, 2009). Water is involved in every aspect of poultry metabolism and plays an important role in body temperature regulation, food digestion, and body waste excretion (Valias & Silva, 2001 (Abbas et al., 2008;Li, 2009). Bacteria in drinking water may induce health problems, and consequent lack of welfare (Koelkebeck et al., 1999;Manning et al., 2007). Moreover, contaminants in drinking water can leave residues in animal produc...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the litter material on drinking water quality in broiler production

Garcia

Almeida

Caldara

et al. 2010

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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“…Water is considered a substantial source of various infections on poultry farms (Amaral, 2004;Saidy et al, 2015). Seventy five percent of the farms (n = 30) in this study used treated, reticulated water as the only source of drinking water for chickens, 7.5% of farms (n = 3) used water wells as the only source of drinking water, while 17.5% of farms (n = 7) used a combination of town and dam water.…”

Section: Investigating the Prevalence Of Carriage Of Avian Pathogenicmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The ability of bacteria to survive in water makes drinking water used on broiler farms a potential source of infections (Amaral, 2004). Droppings and secretions of wild birds and other animals could contaminate water sources on poultry farms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Droppings and secretions of wild birds and other animals could contaminate water sources on poultry farms. It is common on poultry farms for a single water source to supply a large number of birds (Amaral, 2004). Applying basic biosecurity to the drinking water source, such as chlorinated water mains, covered water tanks, cleaning and disinfection of tanks and water lines between flocks, are important practices to assist in reducing the presence of APEC and/or other pathogens in the drinking water (Dhillon and Jack, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Studies on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in commercial broiler chicken in South East Queensland

Awawdeh¹,

Turni²,

Henning³

et al.

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Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of avian colibacillosis, a localised or systemic infection resulting in clinical diseases such as colisepticemia, chronic respiratory disease and swollen-head syndrome. Globally, avian colibacillosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in poultry, and it has been associated with massive economic losses and welfare problems.This organism is of public health significance as APEC is communicable to humans. The diagnosis of avian colibacillosis relies on clinical signs, typical pathological lesions and culture of E. coli from affected tissue(s). Antimicrobial therapy is often used both for treatment and control. Previous overseas studies have characterised APEC and identified virulence genes (VGs) that can be used as molecular markers for the identification of APEC. Little is known about APEC in broiler chickens in Australia.The aim of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of APEC in Australian broiler flocks and how factors including presence of VGs and phylogenetic group can improve the identification of this pathotype in Australia. Firstly, three faecal DNA extraction methods were evaluated. Faeces were collected from healthy chickens and chickens with colibacillosis from commercial broiler farms in South East Queensland (SEQ). The extracted DNA was screened by a pentaplex-PCR for five APEC-associated VGs (iroN, iutA, iss, hlyF and ompT). DNA extracted from E. coli isolates cultured from the cloaca and organs of the birds were screened using the same PCR.Repeated bead beating plus column elution was the preferred DNA extraction method, as it yielded good PCR quality and adequate quantity DNA. However, identifying APEC by direct detection of the five VGs from the faecal material was not feasible as all of these genes were also detected in all of the birds. However, the VGs were more commonly detected in E. coli isolates cultured from birds with colibacillosis.A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate APEC farm-level prevalence in healthy broiler chickens in SEQ and to identify potential risk factors associated with the carriage of APEC. At the farm-level, all of the 40 farms sampled were positive for APEC, that is at least one bird per farm carried APEC, while the within-farm prevalence was 63% (95% Confidence Interval: 55.8, 70.2).Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was significantly associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water, failure to disinfect the water line after each flock, farm visitors not showering before entering the shed, distances greater than 20 metres between the car park and the poultry shed and the presence of wild birds within 50 metres of the shed. Chlorinating the drinking water combined with automatic water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence. Page | 3Therefore, based on the results concluded from the multivariable model, improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce APEC prevalence, decrease the risk of co...

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