The psychological development of panic disorder: implications for neurobiology and treatment

Staging of Mental Disorders: Systematic Review

“…An analysis of subclinical symptomatology [78,79] concluded that the most common prodromal symptoms were depressed mood, illness phobia, distress and avoidance of closed spaces, excessive worries, negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity and health anxiety or fear of disease, whereas frequent residual symptoms were generalized anxiety, somatic anxiety, low self-esteem, agoraphobia, hypochondriasis, reduced psychological and physical well-being, limited symptoms of panic attacks, anticipatory anxiety and depression.…”

“…Because of the chronic nature of PD, the emphasis of treatment has been shifted more and more to the long-term outcome; the disappearance of residual symptoms may become the final target of therapy since they constitute a substantial risk of relapse [79]. This has been clearly outlined in the long-term outcome of patients with PD treated with behavioral interventions [81].…”

Long‐term benefits of mindfulness on white matter tracts underlying the cortical midline structures in panic disorder: A 2‐year longitudinal study

“…[10][11][12] Although antidepressants are helpful in reducing the intensity and frequency of panic attacks, many patients still exert substantial effort into cognitive restructuring to overcome panic-related catastrophic apprehension, such as generalized worry, fear of physical illness, and agoraphobia. 34 In this case, mindfulness provides an alternative way of relating with thoughts and feelings by training the self-regulation of attention to focus on the here and now, rather than directly countering maladaptive cognition and behaviors. 9 MBCT for panic disorder enables patients to adopt a non-judgmental and accepting attitude to the reality of the present moment as it is and act on automatic pilot with mindful awareness.…”