Lead levels and cognitive abilities in Peruvian children

Vega‐Dienstmaier, Johann M.; Salinas-Piélago, Joel E; Gutiérrez-Campos, María del Rosario; Mandamiento-Ayquipa, Ricardo D; Yara-Hokama, María del Carmen; Ponce-Canchihuamán, Johny; Castro-Morales, Jorge

doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000100008

Cited by 28 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…Similarly, in a study of 6.5-to 8.5-year-old urban Malaysian children, Zailina et al (2008) found that blood lead levels, statistically controlling for parents' education, household income, and other family demographic factors, predicted children's cognitive functioning. Studies in China across a wide age range have documented similar effects (Shen et al, 1998;Tang et al, 2012), as have recent studies of 6-to 8.5-year-old children in Peru (Vega-Dienstmaier et al, 2006) and Ecuador (Counter, Buchanan, & Ortega, 2008).…”

Section: Toxins and Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…A significant body of research has documented the effects of prenatal and childhood exposure to lead on children's current and prospective developmental functioning in middleincome, newly industrial countries such as China (Shen, Yan, & Guo, 1998;Tang et al, 2008;Wang, Xu, Zhang, & Wang, 1989), India (Ahamed, Singh, Behari, Kumar, & Siddiqui, 2007;Patel, Mamtani, Thakre, & Kulkarni, 2006), the Philippines (Solon et al, 2008) and Malaysia (Zailina, Junidah, Josephine, & Jamal, 2008). Similar impacts have been documented in Egypt (Mostafa, El-Shahawi, & Mokhtar, 2009), Mexico (Acosta-Saavedra et al, 2011;Hu et al, 2006;Kordas et al, 2006), Peru (Vega-Dienstmaier et al, 2006), and Bolivia (Ruiz-Castell et al, 2012). Importantly, lead levels in these and other countries in the global South are still high and largely unregulated (Karrari, Mehrpour, & Abdollahi, 2012;Shen et al, 1998;Tong, von Schirnding, & Prapamontol, 2000;Walker et al, 2007).…”

Section: Toxins and Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 85%

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The physical environment and child development: An international review

et al. 2013

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A growing body of research in the United States and Western Europe documents significant effects of the physical environment (toxins, pollutants, noise, crowding, chaos, housing, school and neighborhood quality) on children and adolescents’ cognitive and socioemotional development. Much less is known about these relations in other contexts, particularly the global South. We thus briefly review the evidence for relations between child development and the physical environment in Western contexts, and discuss some of the known mechanisms behind these relations. We then provide a more extensive review of the research to date outside of Western contexts, with a specific emphasis on research in the global South. Where the research is limited, we highlight relevant data documenting the physical environment conditions experienced by children, and make recommendations for future work. In these recommendations, we highlight the limitations of employing research methodologies developed in Western contexts (Ferguson & Lee, 2013). Finally, we propose a holistic, multidisciplinary and multilevel approach based on Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) bioecological model to better understand and reduce the aversive effects of multiple environmental risk factors on the cognitive and socioemotional development of children across the globe.

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Section: Toxins and Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Toxins and Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 85%

The physical environment and child development: An international review

et al. 2013

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“…Recent reports from the Cincinnati Lead Study (CLS), a long‐term prospective project that includes a cohort of children exposed to Pb in their homes, have shown that developmental exposure to Pb is associated with increased rates of delinquent behavior (Dietrich et al, 2001) and higher arrest rates for non‐violent and violent offenses (Wright et al, 2008). Moreover, many of the recent studies (Jusko et al, 2008; Lanphear et al, 2000; Vega‐Dienstmaier et al, 2006) suggest effects of Pb at blood Pb (BPb) levels below the CDC's “action” level of 10 μg/dl (CDC, 1991). Efforts to understand the effects of low level Pb exposure may depend on how it interacts with other risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of developmental stress and lead (Pb) on corticosterone after chronic and acute stress, brain monoamines, and blood Pb levels in rats

Graham

Grace

Braun

et al. 2010

Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience

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Despite restrictions, exposure to lead (Pb) continues. Moreover, exposure varies and is often higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) families and remains a significant risk to cognitive development. Stress is another risk factor. Lower SES may be a proxy for stress in humans. When stress and Pb co-occur, risk may be increased. A few previous experiments have combined Pb with intermittent or acute stress but not with chronic stress. To determine if chronic developmental stress affects outcome in combination with Pb, we tested such effects on growth, organ weight, brain monoamines, and response to an acute stressor. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged with Pb acetate (1 or 10 mg/kg) or vehicle every other day from postnatal day (P)4-29 and reared in standard or barren cages. Subsets were analyzed at different ages (P11, 19, 29). Chronic stress did not alter blood Pb levels but altered HPA axis response during early development whereas Pb did not. Pb treatment and rearing each altered organ to body weight ratios, most notably of thymus weights. Both Pb and rearing resulted in age-and region-dependent changes in serotonin and norepinephrine levels and in dopamine and serotonin turnover. The model introduced here may be useful for investigating the interaction of Pb and chronic developmental stress.

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“…Testing conducted in 2014 in the smelter town of La Oroya found BLLs in 58% of 335 children >10 μg/dL (Red Salud, 2014). Other studies in Peru have found BLLs associated with traffic levels in police officers (Mormontoy et al, 2006) and mineral ore storage in Callao (Hernandez Avila, 1999;Naeher et al, 2003;Vega-Dienstmaier et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Does Involving Parents in Soil Sampling Identify Causes of Child Exposure to Lead? A Case Study of Community Engagement in Mining‐Impacted Towns in Peru

et al. 2019

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Over a million people in Peru may be exposed to lead (Pb) due to past or present mining‐related activities; however, neither soil Pb nor blood Pb are routinely monitored throughout the country. Because little is known about Pb contamination in smaller mining‐impacted towns, soil Pb was mapped in four such towns with a portable X‐ray fluorescence analyzer in 2015. The roadside mapping delineated hotspots of highly contaminated soil (1,000–6,000 mg/kg Pb) in two of the towns. The local health department, provided with a LeadCare II analyzer, then measured blood‐Pb levels >5 in 65% and >10 μg/dL in 15% of children (n = 200) up to 6 years of age in these same four communities. There were no clear relations between child blood‐Pb levels and Pb levels in soil samples collected inside (n = 50) or outside the home (n = 50). Increased child blood Pb was associated with decreased level of cleanliness of parent clothing (n = 136) and shoes (n = 138), linking a possible behavioral factor for transferring contaminated soil and dust to children. In order to explore individual exposure and variations in soil Pb, 10 parents of children with blood Pb >10 μg/dL and 10 parents of children with blood Pb <5 μg/dL were invited to collect soil samples in areas where their children play and screen it for Pb using a color‐based field procedure. Importantly, parents identified a new hotspot of Pb contamination that had been missed by the previous portable X‐ray fluorescence soil mapping. The findings highlight the feasibility and value of involving families impacted by environmental contamination to identify and reduce environmental health risk.

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Lead levels and cognitive abilities in Peruvian children

Cited by 28 publications

References 32 publications

The physical environment and child development: An international review

The physical environment and child development: An international review

Effects of developmental stress and lead (Pb) on corticosterone after chronic and acute stress, brain monoamines, and blood Pb levels in rats

Does Involving Parents in Soil Sampling Identify Causes of Child Exposure to Lead? A Case Study of Community Engagement in Mining‐Impacted Towns in Peru

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