Implication of low temperature and sonication on electrocrystallization mechanism of Cu thin films: a kinetics and structural correlation

Abstract

The effect of an ultrasonic environment during electrodeposition of copper on graphite at various electrolyte temperatures of 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 °C is reported in this investigation. Resulting Cu deposits formed by potentiostatic deposition were characterized by electrochemical methods, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was found that in presence of ultrasound the deposition kinetics was mainly dominated by the charge transfer. Copper nucleated according to 3D instantaneous mechanisms for all temperature ranges. The extent of nucleation was found to be increased at low temperatures. Diffusion coefficients and nuclei population density were calculated for each temperature range. Sonicated deposits with good surface coverage were found to consist of spherical copper agglomerates of nanosized particles.

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Hierarchical Surfaces by Square Pulse Electrodeposition: Copper‐Based Layers on Gold/Silicon (100) Substrates

“…In summary, by comparing the optical roughness curve (Figure ) and SEM Images (Figure ), it seems that by increasing the bath temperature, the surface roughness is increased gradually, as more complicated hierarchical structures appear This might be attributed to the acceleration of the copper ions towards cathode by increasing the bath temperature ,. However, further increasing of the temperature and approaching to the boiling point of the solvent (ultra‐pure water with the boiling temperature around 100 °C) led to disturbance in the ion transfer toward the cathode and consequently destruction of the deposited layer due to increasing of the random motion of the ions in the electrolyte ,. Thereupon, the deposition is impossible above the 80 °C.…”

“…Additionally, as it is already known, the bath temperature also affects ions velocity in the electrolyte ,. Increasing the ion velocity may strengthen coating of the layer.…”

“Green” Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Sonoelectrochemical and Sonogalvanic Replacement Methods

“…This is primarily caused by the complex effects of the ultrasonic field in aqueous solutions [ 22 ] such as (1) generation of turbulence, microjets, and shock waves; (2) increased mass transfer; and (3) formation of radicals in aqueous solutions. These effects have been successfully used in sonoelectrochemical deposition of nanostructured metal coatings [ 21 , 23 – 28 ], preparation of composites [ 21 , 29 ], sonoelectrochemical synthesis of colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles [ 15 , 17 , 20 ], and so on. The specificity of the synthesis of colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles is due to the multifactorial and mutual influence of ultrasound and electrolysis on the formation of MNCs and MNPs in solutions [ 17 , 19 ].…”

The influence of bath temperature on the one-step electrodeposition of non- wetting copper oxide coatings

“…In addition, it is well-known that bath temperature changes during the electrodeposition could affect the cathodic overpotential, viscosity of the solution, conductance of ions, and polarity of the electrodes [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Therefore, both the nucleation and growth could be affected which consequently may change the morphology, grain refinement, coarsening, porosity, and compactness of the layer [31,41].…”

“…Hence, in the cubic Cu2O crystal, the {111} plates have the lowest surface energy and consequently the largest hydrophobicity [46]. Moreover, in the electrodeposition approach, the Cu2O micrometric crystals may be grown in the shape of cubes, octahedral pyramids, triangles, and their truncated structures as well as dendrite structures and fractals [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][47][48][49].…”