Xanthium strumarium L. antimicrobial activity and carboxyatractyloside analysis through electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Xanthium strumarium L. leaf extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens, as well as to investigate the presence of the toxic compound carboxyatractyloside in different plant parts. S. aureus and C. perfringens were more sensitive to non-polar than to polar fractions, and there was no difference between extracts for the remaining bacteria. All extracts had strong antimicrobial activity against the evaluated microorganisms. Carboxyatractyloside was found in cotyledons and seeds but not in adult leaves and burrs. Thus, only Xanthium strumarium leaves in adult stage can be used for medicinal purposes.Key words: cocklebur, antimicrobial activity, medicinal plants RESUMO: Atividade antimicrobiana e análise de carboxiatractilosideo por espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray de Xanthium strumarium L. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de folhas de Xanthium strumarium L. sobre os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella thyphimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Clostridium perfringens, bem como verificar a presença do composto tóxico carboxiatractilosideo em diferentes partes da planta. As bactérias S. aureus e C. perfringens foram mais sensíveis às frações não polares do que as polares, sendo que para as outras bactérias não foi verificada diferença entre os extratos. Todos os extratos apresentaram uma forte ação antimicrobiana sobre os microrganismos avaliados. O carboxiatractilosideo foi encontrado nos cotilédones e nas sementes da planta, entretanto, não foi encontrado nas folhas em estádio adulto e na carapaça espinhosa que envolve a semente. Portanto, somente as folhas de Xanthium strumarium na fase adulta podem ser utilizadas para o uso medicinal. Palavras-chave: carrapicho, atividade antimicrobiana, plantas medicinais INTRODUCTIONCocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) is an herbaceous annual plant of worldwide distribution. The plant is erect, up to 2.5 m tall, and presents blotched purple stems. Its leaves are dark green on the upper surface, similar in shape to grape leaves, 15 cm in diameter and roughly textured with minute bristles. The flowers are inconspicuous, both male and female, occurring in leaf axils towards the end of the branches.

Investigation of formulation preparation of some plant extracts and determination of the effectiveness on Myzus persicae [(Sulzer, 1776) (Hem.:Aphididae)]

“…Carboxyatractyloside causes hypoglycemia in animals that consume it probably because it causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. 28,29 In our study, we postulate that carboxyatractyloside and Xanthatin substances caused the insecticidal effect although the effective substance of extracts has been not determined. The extract of A. wilhelmsii (C) had the highest acaricidal and insecticidal effect on T. urticae, L. decemlineata.…”

Influences of Different Extraction Techniques and Their Respective Parameters on the Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Xanthium spinosum L. Extracts

“…Similar to our findings, a potential against Gram-negative bacteria was also observed by Ghahari et al in fruit essential oil of the species X. strumarium L. [ 25 ]. Scherer et al reported no differences between antimicrobial potential against S. aureus , E. coli , and P. aeruginosa strands for hydroalcoholic SE leaf extracts of X. strumarium L.; however, the extracts exhibited strong overall antimicrobial activity [ 26 ]. Similar activity against S. aureus was reported by Ingawale et al for methanolic X. strumarium L. fruit extracts [ 17 ].…”

Direct and indirect targets of carboxyatractyloside, including overlooked toxicity toward nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) and mitochondrial H + leak

“…Indeed, CATR may be undetectable in fully grown leaves and mature spiny involucres (burs without true dry fruits), but achenes, which are very often mistakenly referred to as seeds, enclosing a single kernel and cotyledonary-stage leaves are the source of this toxin in X. strumarium (Scherer et al. 2009 ). A complicating finding of an earlier X. strumarium analysis was the presence of CATR in integral burs at a significantly higher concentration, i.e., 4.57 mg/g, than that detected in very young seedlings at the two leaf-like phase, i.e., 1.2 mg/g (Cole et al.…”