Processed foods aimed at children and adolescents: sodium content, adequacy according to the dietary reference intakes and label compliance

Ribeiro, Vera Favila; Ribeiro, Marisilda de Almeida; Vasconcelos, Margarida Angélica da Silva; Andrade, Sâmara Alvachian Cardoso; Stamford, Tânia Lúcia Montenegro

doi:10.1590/s1415-52732013000400002

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Studies ranged considerably in size from 100 to 5620 products. The most common themes studied were the presence of food labels and whether labels correctly reflected the nutrient composition of products (43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51) , the nutrition quality of products with or without health or nutrition claims (52)(53)(54)(55) , nutrient adequacy (56)(57)(58)(59) and serving size (60)(61)(62)(63) . An overarching theme was to evaluate compliance of food labelling with current legislation on these aspects.…”

Section: Food Labellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of them, three studies analysed labelling across all types of food in Chile, Brazil, Colombia and Argentina, finding that those with mandatory labelling were more likely to comply with the Codex Alimentarius Commission Guidelines (67) ; Brazil had the most comprehensive labels (6•4/7 nutrients required by CODEX and most readable), while Colombia had the least (4•6/7 nutrients required by CODEX) (51) . In terms of reliability of labels, three Brazilian studies suggested inaccuracy in label contents compared with measured composition specifically for saturated fat, trans fat and sodium content (43)(44)(45) while one Costa Rican study reported accuracy in labels specifically for sodium content in breads (47) . Four studies showed that the nutritional quality of foods with and without nutrition-and health-related claims was not different (52)(53)(54)(55) .…”

Section: Food Labellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The food environment in Latin America: a systematic review with a focus on environments relevant to obesity and related chronic diseases

Pérez-Ferrer

Auchincloss

Menezes

et al. 2019

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective:Food environments may be contributing to the rapid increase in obesity occurring in most Latin American (LA) countries. The present study reviews literature from LA that (i) describes the food environment and policies targeting the food environment (FEP); and (ii) analytic studies that investigate associations between the FEP and dietary behaviours, overweight/obesity and obesity related chronic diseases. We focus on six dimensions of the FEP: food retail, provision, labelling, marketing, price and composition.Design:Systematic literature review. Three databases (Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS) were searched, from 1 January 1999 up to July 2017. Two authors independently selected the studies. A narrative synthesis was used to summarize, integrate and interpret findings.Setting:Studies conducted in LA countries.Participants:The search yielded 2695 articles of which eighty-four met inclusion criteria.Results:Most studies were descriptive and came from Brazil (61 %), followed by Mexico (18 %) and Guatemala (6 %). Studies were focused primarily on retail/provision (n 27), marketing (n 16) and labelling (n 15). Consistent associations between availability of fruit and vegetable markets and higher consumption of fruits and vegetables were found in cross-sectional studies. Health claims in food packaging were prevalent and mostly misleading. There was widespread use of marketing strategies for unhealthy foods aimed at children. Food prices were lower for processed relative to fresh foods. Some studies documented high sodium in industrially processed foods.Conclusions:Gaps in knowledge remain regarding policy evaluations, longitudinal food retail studies, impacts of food price on diet and effects of digital marketing on diet/health.

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Section: Food Labellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food Labellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The food environment in Latin America: a systematic review with a focus on environments relevant to obesity and related chronic diseases

Pérez-Ferrer

Auchincloss

Menezes

et al. 2019

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Still, some studies showed the differences between the label and the laboratory values. Ribeiro et al reported that 75% of food products investigated and tested using flame photometry had Na laboratory values exceeding 20% of the Nutrition Facts values 26 . A survey conducted by Idec also identified food products had sodium greater than a tolerance value (20%) of the declared information 27 .…”

Section: Sodium Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium content and food additives in major brands of Brazilian children’s foods

Teixeira

2018

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

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The objective of this paper is to evaluate the sodium content and additive usage in packaged food products targeted at Brazilian children. Commercial database and manufactures’ websites were used to identify major brands of child-oriented foods. Samples were categorized as “children’s foods” (n = 214) and “infant’s foods” (n = 86). Nutrition Facts labels were used to calculate the median Na content (mg/serving, mg/kcal, and mg/100g); the ingredient lists to note the use of food additives. The sodium content found in samples varied widely among brands. The amount of sodium was high (> 210 mg/serving) in 20% of the products. Sodium density exceeded 1 mg/kcal in 40% of the products with the savory foods had the highest densities. More than 30% of the foods categories (corn snacks, filled biscuits, sliced loaf bread, and cereals) did not fulfill the 2014 sodium reduction targets. Food additives present in all children’s foods varied from two to nine additives numbers. However, some products had incredible numbers of additives, such as instant noodles and mini cakes. Although some infants’ foods categories were additives free, most products contained up to three numbers of additives. Continuing surveillance is crucial to evaluate the progress of salt reduction and to revise the maximum permissible limit of additives.

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“…In particular, the consumption of processed foods, which are highly appreciated by consumers, especially children and adolescents, is increasingly gaining space in the population's diet. 1,2 Processed foods are commonly eaten together or replace the main daily meals, and account for about 80 % of daily sodium (Na) intake in developed countries. Early childhood is the stage that begins the development of the eating habits of human beings, as well as the knowledge of taste sensations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excessive Na intake at this stage can influence the preference for salty foods in adulthood, increasing the likelihood of diseases associated with excess Na in the organism. [1][2][3] Sodium is an essential mineral to the human organism, mainly in maintaining the plasma volume, acid-base balance, osmotic regulation, Na pump functioning and neurotransmission. 4 A high Na concentration in the human body is associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, osteoporosis, gastric cancer and renal disorders, among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous Phase Extraction as Sample Preparation Procedure for Sodium Determination in Infant Foods

2020

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Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou desenvolver um procedimento de preparo de amostras, empregando a extração em fase aquosa, para a determinação de sódio (Na) em salgadinhos de trigo, salgadinhos de milho, papinhas industrializadas para bebês e macarrão instantâneo. As etapas incluíram extração com água ultrapura, agitação por vortex, centrifugação e quantificação do Na por fotometria de chama. A exatidão e a precisão foram avaliadas por testes de adição e recuperação, comparação com decomposição úmida, método de Mohr e uso de diferentes fotômetros de chama. O teste de Youden foi utilizado na avaliação da robustez, com a massa da amostra, força centrífuga relativa e tempo de agitação como variáveis. Diferenças significativas foram observadas (p ≤ 0,05) em comparação com o método de Mohr e diferentes fotômetros de chama para as papinhas para bebês e macarrão instantâneo. Essas diferenças foram atribuídas à maior sensibilidade da fotometria de chama e erros instrumentais. As recuperações variaram entre 84-119 % para fotometria de chama e 89-108 % para o método Mohr, com desvios padrão relativos inferiores a 11 %. O tempo de agitação e a força centrífuga relativa tiveram um efeito positivo na robustez. O desempenho do procedimento foi verificado em várias amostras de alimentos, com valores na faixa de 129 a 300 mg Na / 25 g de salgadinhos de trigo e de milho, respectivamente; 1,5 a 81 mg Na / 115 g de papinhas para bebês e 1118 a 1962 mg Na / 85 g de macarrão instantâneo. Foi observada discrepância entre os valores obtidos e rotulados. Nesse contexto, o procedimento de extração de fase aquosa desenvolvido fornece uma alternativa simples, de baixo custo e livre de reagentes tóxicos aos métodos tradicionais de quantificação de Na em alimentos com diferentes concentrações. This work aimed to develop a sample preparation procedure involving aqueous phase extraction, for the determination of sodium (Na) in wheat snacks, corn snacks, baby food and instant noodles. The steps included extraction with ultrapure water, vortex agitation, centrifugation and Na quantification by flame photometry. The accuracy and precision were evaluated by addition and recovery tests, comparison with wet decomposition, the Mohr method and by using a different flame photometer. The Youden test was used in the assessment of robustness, with sample mass, relative centrifugal force and stirring time as the variables. Significant differences were observed (p ≤ 0.05) in comparison with the Mohr method and differents flame photometers for baby food and instant noodles. These differences were attributed to the higher sensitivity of the flame photometry and instrumental errors. The recoveries varied between 84-119 % for flame photometry and 89-108 % for the Mohr method, with relative standard deviations less than 11 %. The stirring time and relative centrifugal force had a positive effect on robustness. The performance of the procedure was verified in various food samples, with values in the range of 129-300 mg Na/25 g wheat snacks and corn chips, respecti...

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Processed foods aimed at children and adolescents: sodium content, adequacy according to the dietary reference intakes and label compliance

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

The food environment in Latin America: a systematic review with a focus on environments relevant to obesity and related chronic diseases

The food environment in Latin America: a systematic review with a focus on environments relevant to obesity and related chronic diseases

Sodium content and food additives in major brands of Brazilian children’s foods

Aqueous Phase Extraction as Sample Preparation Procedure for Sodium Determination in Infant Foods

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