“…6 The Mbya Guaraní of the Ka’aguy Poty used to practise a mixed economy, consisting of subsistence horticulture, fishing, hunting and gathering, as well as complementary craft production for sale on roadside stalls and occasional salaried work by the men in the maté, tea, tobacco, and tung tree plantations. However, large-scale deforestation meant that more recently the Mbya Guaraní also have to live from government hand-outs (foodstuffs), as well as small salaried occupations as auxiliary teachers, sanitary agents or health aides (Vom Hau and Wilde, 2010: 1292; Wilde, 2007). Compared to the white, creole majority society, most Mbya Guaraní live in a very marginal situation of precarious living and nutritional conditions, often characterised by extreme poverty (e.g.…”