Optimization of sustaining swimming speed of matrinxã Brycon amazonicus: performance and adaptive aspects

Abstract

Deleterious changes in metabolism, growth performance and body composition may be observed if fish are constrained to swimming continuously or intermittently at over-speeds. This study evaluates effects of four water speeds on growth, body composition and hematologic profile of juvenile matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus. Fish (33.3 ± 0.9 g and 13.44 ± 0.1 cm) were held for 90 days in five water speeds (0.0 -control, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 body lengths per second -BLAt swimming speeds ranging on 1.0 and 1.5 BL s -1 , in fish growth was 20% higher. Hemoglobin and red blood cells at 1.5 BL s -1 increased 24% and 18% respectively; hematocrit was 17% higher in all exercised fish; protein content of white muscle at 1.0 BL s -1 was 2% higher; lipid deposition in red muscle at 1.0 BL s -1 was 22% higher and water retention 3% lower. Crude energy levels enhanced 10% in all exercised fish; liver water retention was 6% lower at 1.0 BL s -1 ; liver lipid composition was 29% higher than control and 34% higher than 1.5 BL s -1 ; liver crude energy increased at 1.0 BL s -1 as compared with control and 2.5 BL s -1 . Lipid deposition in ventral muscle was 9% higher at 2.0 BL s -1 . Although high lipid deposition of matrinxã has been achieved in moderate swimming speeds, lipids may be the main fuel source to maintain the metabolic demands of exercised matrinxã. The best water flow speed for optimized growth of matrinxã ranged on 1.0 and 1.5 BL s -1 . Key words: body composition, exercise, fish growth, hematology, sustained swimming Otimização da velocidade de nado sustentado em matrinxã Brycon amazonicus: rendimento e aspectos adaptativos RESUMO: Modificações deletérias no metabolismo, rendimento de crescimento e composição corporal podem ser observadas em peixes forçados à natação contínua ou intermitente sob velocidades excessivas. Neste trabalho, os efeitos de quatro velocidades de água no crescimento, composição corporal e perfil hematológico foram avaliados em matrinxãs juvenis, Brycon amazonicus. Os peixes (33,3 ± 0,9 g e 13,44 ± 0,1 cm) foram mantidos durante 90 dias em cinco velocidades de água (0,0 -controle; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5 comprimentos corporais -BL por segundo). As melhores velocidades de nadado estiveram entre 1,0 e 1,5 BL s -1 , nas quais o crescimento dos peixes foi 20% maior que nas outras. A hemoglobina e as células vermelhas do sangue em 1,5 BL s -1 aumentaram 24% e 18% respectivamente; o hematócrito foi 17 % maior em todos os peixes exercitados; o conteúdo de proteína do músculo branco em 1,0 BL s -1 foi 2% maior; a deposição de lipídio no músculo vermelho em 1,0 BL s -1 foi 22% maior e a retenção de água foi 3% menor. Os níveis de energia bruta aumentaram 10% em todos os peixes exercitados; a retenção de água no fígado foi 6 % menor em 1,0 BL s -1 ; a composição de lipídio no fígado foi 29% maior do que o controle e 34% maior do que a 1,5 BL s -1 ; a energia bruta no fígado aumentou em 1.0 BL s -1 comparada com o controle e 2,5 BL s -1 . A deposição de lipídio no músculo ventral foi 9% maior em 2,0 BL s...

Atividade proteolítica e crescimento de matrinxã em natação sustentada e alimentado com dois níveis de proteína

“…Como esses músculos representam até 60% do peso total dos peixes, qualquer mudança terá uma considerável influência no crescimento deles como um todo (Totland et al, 1987;Davison, 1997). Alguns autores relatam que matrinxã mantido em nado sustentado tem apresentado peso superior, com diferença de até 38% em relação aos criados em condições sedentárias (Hackbarth & Moraes, 2006;Arbeláez-Rojas & Moraes, 2010). A composição corporal de matrinxã criado em nado sustentado a 1,0 CC s -1 apresenta 3% mais proteína no músculo branco do que exemplares criados em sistema convencional (Arbeláez-Rojas & Moraes, 2010).…”

Growth and hematology of pacu subjected to sustained swimming and fed different protein levels

“…The same responses were observed in matrinxã subjected to intermittent sustained swimming at 12x12 hours vs. rest (Fabrizzi et al, 2013). It is reasonable to infer that the hematological responses found in the present study may be typical of the species, and that they may also depend on external factors, such as swimming speed and exercise type (Hackbarth & Moraes, 2006;Moraes et al, 2009;Arbeláez-Rojas & Moraes, 2010;Fabrizzi et al, 2013). Furthermore, the observed hematological changes may indicate metabolic adaption in order to meet oxygen demand.…”

“…One of them is protein sparing, in which a higher concentration of nonprotein sources of energy is used to meet physiological demands (Bicudo et al, 2012). Subjecting fish to exercise can lead to the protein sparing effect, make carbohydrates and lipids more efficient in meeting energetic demands, and redirect protein to an anabolic process (Arbeláez-Rojas & Moraes, 2010;Felip et al, 2013). These adaptions result in faster growth, better feed conversion ratios, increased survival rates, and decreased aggressive behavior (Moraes et al, 2009;Hackbarth, 2010).…”

Intermittent sustained swimming in 'matrinxã' Brycon amazonicus (Bryconidae: Bryconinae): hematological and metabolic responses

“…In the ISS system the water movement was started at morning (6:30 AM) and remained over the day light period (photoperiod nearly 12:12h). This velocity and the experimental swimming system were previously established and reported (Arbeláez- Rojas & Moraes, 2010).…”

“…Aerobic exercise enhances the muscle capillarization bringing immediate consequences to the whole organism, such as increase of oxygen and capacity of metabolites transport, as well as promoting faster waste of metabolism residues (Sänger & Pötscher, 2000). In addition, the hematological responses of fish submitted to sustained swimming are different between species and change according to the swimming velocity (Hackbarth & Moraes, 2006;Moraes et al, 2009;Arbeláez-Rojas & Moraes, 2010).…”