Histological and radiological changes in cranial bone in the presence of bone wax

Abstract

. Responsible for conception and design of the study. ABSTRACT Purpose:To quantify the amount of bone formation in the calvarial region of Wistar rats after craniotomy using bone wax as a haemostatic agent. Methods: Surgery to produce bilateral, symmetric, full-thickness cranial defects (area: 18 mm 2 ) was performed in eight animals. The right side of the cranium remained open and the edges of the left side osseous defect was covered with bone wax. Calvaria were imaged immediately after surgery and 12 weeks postoperatively by computerized tomography. The areas of the bone defects were measured in three-dimensional images using Magics 13.0 (Materialise-Belgic, software CAD). Results: The average amount of bone formation on the left and right side respectively was 4.85 mm 2 and 8.16 mm 2 . Statistically significant differences between the amount of bone formation on the left and right sides were seen. Conclusion: Bone wax significantly diminishes the rate of bone formation in calvarial defects in a rat model.

Evaluation of the effects of Ankaferd haemostat application on bone regeneration in rats with calvarial defects: histochemical, immunohistochemical and scintigraphic study

“…As a result, they stated that the surgicel group was superior to bone wax in terms of bone healing, and bone wax prevented osteogenesis and caused inflammation [21]. Raposo-Amaral et al performed histological and radiological examination of the use of bone wax in rats with cranial defects [23]. After the surgery, CT scan of the rats was performed at 12th week and as a result, they found that bone wax significantly reduced the bone rate, caused 18% in the healing of the cranial defect and caused fibrosis with infection in rats [23].…”

“…Raposo-Amaral et al performed histological and radiological examination of the use of bone wax in rats with cranial defects [23]. After the surgery, CT scan of the rats was performed at 12th week and as a result, they found that bone wax significantly reduced the bone rate, caused 18% in the healing of the cranial defect and caused fibrosis with infection in rats [23]. Similar results were obtained in animals treated with bone wax in our study, although the drill-opened defect area appeared to be closed macroscopically, this area melted after acid treatment and little fibrotic tissue remained.…”

Comparison of Ostene® and Bone wax on Bone Healing: A Comparative experimental study in rabbits.

“…13,21 Bone wax is a well-known topical hemostatic agent, composed of cera alba (beeswax) (88%) and isopropyl palmitate (12%), a palm oil-based emollient, moisturizer, and thickening and anti-static agent. [22][23][24][25] Bone wax is relatively easy to use, and its application is very simple. It is a non-absorbable hemostatic sealant and it functions as a mechanical tamponade to stop bone bleeding in patients undergoing thoracic, orthopedic, craniofacial and neurosurgery.…”

Letter: Risk of Bone Wax Migration During Retrosigmoid Craniotomy for Microvascular Decompression: Case-Control Study

“…10 In addition, the effect of bone wax on inhibiting bone healing and osteogenesis has been consistently demonstrated in various animal and human studies. [13][14][15] Furthermore, the literature is replete with reports of rare but serious clinical complications associated with bone wax usage. These include paraplegia, 16 iatrogenic quadriplegia, 17 ptosis and diplopia, 18 venous sinus thrombosis, 5,19 skull osteohypertrophy, 3 peripheral facial palsy with trigeminal neuropathy, 4 elevated intraorbital and intraocular pressure, 20 swelling around the eye, 6,20 wound extrusion, 5 and speech and orientation deficits 21 because of bone wax deployment.…”

“…10 In addition, the effect of bone wax on inhibiting bone healing and osteogenesis has been consistently demonstrated in various animal and human studies. 13-15…”