From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy

Romero, Carlos A.; Mijares, Víctor M.

doi:10.1590/s0102-8529.2016380100005

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Its durability has taken it through different evolutionary stages, which has meant a gradual and constant tactic mutation to maintain the core of its strategic objectives, especially internationally. Chavism's constant adaptive evolution has manifested itself in its resilience as a political regime (Anselmi, ; Mijares, ) and has meant continuities and changes in its foreign policy (Romero, ; Romero & Mijares, ). In addition, the specific nature of Chavism in Latin America is related to Venezuela's character as an archetypal petro‐state (Karl, ), which in some ways helps it relate more to its Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) partners than to its Latin American neighbors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Mijares¹

2017

Latin American Policy

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This article analyzes Chavist Venezuela's foreign policy toward three major powers, the United States, China, and Russia. Based on neoclassical, peripheral, and subaltern‐realism theories, it considers the Latin American duality between alignment and autonomy as strategic alternatives, and uses congruence analysis to consider the coherence between Chavism's geopolitical objectives and concrete actions in its foreign policy with the three powers. Venezuela's foreign‐policy strategy consists of three overlapping triads. In Venezuela–U.S.–China relations, Caracas assumes the power‐transition theory, aligning economically with the Asian rising power and serving as a gateway to Latin America. In Venezuela–U.S.–Russia relations, Chavism is politically and militarily aligned with Putin's Russia, taking advantage of the Russian–U.S. geostrategic rivalry. The most‐interesting and novel finding is in Venezuela–China–Russia relations, where the Bolivarian Revolution exploits a favorable economic relationship with China but aligns to Russian geostrategy, conducting a “softer balancing” against China to hold on to the partnership and to autonomy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Mijares¹

2017

Latin American Policy

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“…El activismo internacional de Venezuela no continuó bajo Maduro en la misma dimensión global ni regional. Las nuevas ideas incorporadas, sostenidas en el pensamiento de Gullo (2010) basado en la insubordinación fundante, no permitieron la expansión de la política exterior hacia otros horizontes, ni tampoco logró mantener la amplia red de vínculos internacionales forjados por Chávez (Bernal-Meza, 2017d;Romero y Mijares, 2016). La AP resultaría a la postre el actor clave del aislamiento regional de Venezuela, no porque sus miembros se lo propusieran, sino porque cambiaron los gobiernos y las alianzas gubernamentales en otros países que modificaron sus visiones respecto de Venezuela y la AP.…”

Section: Los Cambios En El Escenario Latinoamericanounclassified

América Latina frente a un cambio de época

Bernal-Meza

2019

Si Somos Am.

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La reconciliación diplomática entre Estados Unidos y Cuba y la visita de Obama a La Habana constituyen un quiebre-político, ideológico, eidético y de paradigmas-que, siguiendo la argumentación de Hobsbawm sobre los períodos históricos del siglo XX, marcan un "cambio de época" en las relaciones internacionales hemisféricas, dando inicio a una reconfiguración cuyas tendencias están determinadas por los recientes recambios de gobierno en distintos países de América Latina y, fundamentalmente, por el proceso de transición hacia un nuevo orden de relaciones internacionales y hemisféricas que ha impulsado Donald Trump. En este contexto, lo nuevo, que representa el "cambio de época", está determinado por el ejercicio del poder por parte de Estados Unidos, entre una praxis de poder social, de mayor multilateralismo, cuya mejor expresión fue la reconciliación diplomática entre Estados Unidos y Cuba, pero también por el retorno al unilateralismo, el proteccionismo y la interpretación de un poder norteamericano sin igual, por parte de Washington, bajo la administración del presidente Trump. El texto contribuye a la

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“…In the years that followed, Chávez decided to push through constitutional reform, direct nationalist and non-liberal economic policies, and a non-Western approach to participative democracy. 50 However, it was not until 2002, following a coup attempt to oust Chávez and replace him with Pedro Carmona, president of Fedecamaras business federation, that the US and Venezuela began to drift apart. Washington's recognition of Carmona as the legitimate president significantly affected bilateral relations.…”

Section: Venezuela: Counter-hegemonic Foreign Policy and The Re-emergmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategic Communications as a tool for great power politics in Venezuela

Lima¹

2019

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Since the Cold War, Latin America has escaped any confrontation between the great powers. However, in the last decade, this scenario appears to have changed because of the increased presence of extra-regional actors. Recent developments in Venezuela dramatically illustrate this. China and Russia have become defining actors in Venezuela's domestic dispute, using it as a platform for their global interests. The current crisis involves not only the power resources of traditional international competition-diplomatic, economic, and military-but also new means in the informational and cyber environment. This paper analyses the balancing strategies of China and Russia in Latin America and the role of their strategic communications. It argues that China and Russia employed two divergent balancing strategies to counter US regional hegemony in the Americas, and that each state projected strategic communications particular to each type of balancing. Consequently, China employs communications to ensure resources for its economic development, and to gain influence, presenting itself as a credible and responsible non-Western great power. Russia, meanwhile, employs information campaigns as part of hybrid warfare to promote hard balancing, to pressure United States hegemony in the Americas, and to reduce NATO's influence in Eastern Europe.

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From Chávez to Maduro: Continuity and Change in Venezuelan Foreign Policy

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia

América Latina frente a un cambio de época

Strategic Communications as a tool for great power politics in Venezuela

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