Technological development of aqueous extracts from Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum., Rubiaceae, (mulateiro) using factorial design

Abstract

Abstract:The aim of the present work is to characterize the vegetal raw material of the Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) Hook. f. ex K. Schum., Rubiaceae, known as "mulateiro", and to evaluate the influence of extractive parameters for attainment of standardized aqueous extractive solutions. The physical-chemical characterization of the samples was performed using pharmacopoeic and not pharmacopoeic methodologies. A 2 3 factorial design was used to evaluate the influence of extraction techniques (infusion/decoction), drug: solvent ratio (2.5 and 7.5%), and extraction time (5 and 15 min) on the total tannin content of aqueous extractive solutions from C. spruceanum. The extractive solution that showed higher total tannin and dry residue content had their physical-chemical characteristics determined. The results suggest that an aqueous extractive solution from rinds of C. spruceanum barks with higher tanning yield (9.9 g%), must be standardized using decoction as extraction methodology, with 2.5% of vegetal drug for an extraction time of 15 min. The results of the physicalchemical characterization suggest that environmental factors modify the properties of this species and, therefore, they can influence the quality and security of a product derived from this medicinal plant.

Are Ecologically Important Tree Species the Most Useful? A Case Study from Indigenous People in the Bolivian Amazon

“…Although we do not challenge this finding, we argue that the traits associated with the production of such compounds (short-lived leaves and fast-growing capacity) can also be found in old-growth forest tree species as many present in our study area, especially in understory species and deciduous large tree species. For example, deciduous canopy trees such as Calycophyllum spruceanum have been reported to have medicinal uses in Brazil (Costa et al 2011). Moreover, leaves are not always the most useful part of medicinal trees, but rather people use other parts such as barks or roots.…”

Phytochemical and Antibacterial Investigations of the Extracts and Fractions from the Stem Bark ofHymenaea stigonocarpaMart. ex Hayne and Effect on Ultrastructure ofStaphylococcus aureusInduced by Hydroalcoholic Extract

“…The total tannin content was calculated as follows: total tannins = total phenols − nontannin phenols [17]. …”

“…The phenol contents in the nontannin fractions were calculated by standard curve of gallic acid. The total tannin content was calculated as follows: total tannins = total phenols − nontannin phenols [ 17 ].…”