Changes in cigarette consumption patterns among Brazilian smokers between 1989 and 2008

Abstract

The assessment of temporal differences in cigarette consumption may help in understanding whether a smoking population is becoming more resistant to quitting over time. We calculated absolute differences in average cigarette consumption, stratified by birth cohort and age group. Data were obtained from random samples from two Brazilian national household surveys (1989, N = 12,782; 2008, N = 6,675). A linear regression model was used to adjust estimates by gender, educational level, and place of residence. Birth cohort analysis found that average daily cigarette consumption increased for individuals born after 1964 and decreased for those born before 1955 (adjusted p-values < 0.001). Age-specific analysis found that the remaining smoking population aged 64 years-old or less decreased cigarette consumption between 1989 and 2008 (adjusted p-values < 0.001). Brazil's anti-tobacco policy changes and rapid economic growth may be principally related to temporal changes in cigarette consumption for most age groups, rather than to a change in the relationship between age and cigarette consumption.

Smokers in Brazil: who are they?

“…Starting in 2009, several States began implementing 100% smoke-free air restrictions, and the 2011 federal law was fully enforced in 2014 7 40. These environmental changes over time may have inconvenienced heavy smokers, thus leading to smoking cessation or to a reduction of the degree of addiction of those who continued to smoke 1 10 12 41. We found, indeed, that, among current daily smokers, the proportion of heavy smokers did not increase over time, although the ‘hardening hypothesis’ posits that these smokers would increasingly comprise the remaining smoking population 10 11 15.…”

“…Based on the hypothesis that current smokers are more dependent than former smokers, as less dependent smokers could quit more easily,10 11 previous national studies tried understanding whether Brazil's smokers who continued to smoke, or started to smoke, increased their average daily cigarette consumption over time 1 12. A consistent reduction in consumption was found in all socioeconomic groups, along with a decrease in their respective smoking prevalence, as also observed in other countries 13.…”

Sociodemographic and clinical profile of elderly persons accompanied by Family Health teams under the gender perspective / Perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de idosos acompanhados por equipes de Saúde da Família sob a perspectiva do gênero

“…These two conditions mainly involve the elderly in a male polarization whose tendency, for centuries, has been attributed to men, and evidenced in the present study, in resonance with other international studies 38 and national. 39 However, it should be noted that this disparity has been deferred with less force between the sexes, due to changes in the pattern of consumption of these psychotropic drugs in the last decades, which can be evidenced in the study carried out in Sweden. 40 In this study, over a 30-year period, there was a 10-fold increase in the proportion of septuagenarian women at risk for alcohol intake, compared to a risk equivalent to one-fourth among men.…”

Exposição ao cigarro em telenovelas e filmes: tentativas de parar de fumar e abstinência

“…The negative association between being a former smoker and noticing smoking imagery in telenovelas differs from the positive association between attempts to quit and noticing smoking imagery for current smokers. Other potential limitations to the data include self-reporting, recall, and survival biases 9,63 . Classification errors leading to residual confounding may also have influenced the associations described 64 .…”

“…The overall prevalence of smoking in Brazil among people 18 years or older in 2013 was 15% (21.9 million people), a significant reduction from the 34% reported in 1989 6,7 . There was a concomitant decline in tobacco usage among individuals aged 25 years or less 8,9,10 . This reduction could largely be attributed to tobacco control measures including price increases, smoke-free air laws, marketing restrictions, health warnings, anti-smoking media campaigns, and cessation treatment programs 11 .…”