Estado nutricional dos indígenas Kaingáng matriculados em escolas indígenas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract

The study's objective was to characterize the nutritional status of 3,254 Kaingáng Indians in indigenous schools in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a school-based study. Weight (W), height (H), and waist circumference (WC) were measured according to World Health Organization guidelines (1995). Children's nutritional status classification included H/A, W/A, and W/H according to the National Center for Health Statistics (WHO, 1995) and H/A, W/A, and body mass index/age (BMI/A) according to WHO (2006). Adolescents were classified for BMI/A (WHO, 1995 and 2006) and H/A (WHO, 2006). Adults were classified for BMI (WHO, 1995) and WC (WHO, 2003). Adolescents represented 56% of the sample, children 42.5%, adults 1.4%, and elderly 0.1%. Prevalence rates for stunting were 15.1% (WHO, 1983) and 15.5% (WHO, 2006) in children and 19.9% in adolescents. Prevalence rates for overweight were 11% (WHO, 1983) and 5.7% (WHO, 2006) in children, 6.7% in adolescents, and 79.2% in adults. 45.3% of adults were at increased risk of metabolic diseases. A nutritional transition was observed in the group, characterized by significant prevalence of stunting in children and adolescents and prominent overweight in all age groups.

Nutritional situation of children under five years old in Brazil’s northeastern cities

“…This scenario is in agreement with that observed in the most recent surveys [10][11][12][21][22][23][24] and with nationwide studies [25][26][27][28][29][30][31] as well as with those undertaken in other Latin American countries [3][4][5][6][7] .…”

“…The National Quilombola Call (A Chamada Nutricional Quilombola) 29 (a quilombola being an inhabitant of a quilombo) found a prevalence of 15% in the height deficit of children of less than five years of age. Concerning the indigenous population, Castro et al 30 found a prevalence of 15.5% among children of less than 10 years of age of the Kaingáng tribe of the south of Brazil. For the same age group, Mondini et al 31 observed prevalences of 28.2% and 15.06% in children of the Aruak and Karibe tribes, respectively.…”

Estado nutricional de menores de 5 anos de idade no Brasil: evidências da polarização epidemiológica nutricional

“…Westernisation of the diet, marked by the replacement of traditional eating habits, and the incorporation of practices from the urban population, particularly in relation to processed foods, along with a reduction in physical activity levels, may represent changes in the lifestyle of indigenous peoples indicative of a food and nutritional transition, possibly resulting in significant repercussions for the epidemiological profile of this population in the future 36,37 .…”

Características de gestão, funcionamento e cardápios do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em escolas Kaingáng do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

“…De fato, estudos diversos, realizados com etnias indígenas distintas, têm apontado elevadas prevalências de excesso de peso/obesidade na infância e adolescência indí-gena 20,29,30,31,32 . Na literatura, aponta-se, como possíveis fatores explicativos desse aumento de peso entre os indígenas, a ocidentalização de dietas indígenas, caracterizadas por maior consumo de alimentos industrializados (com elevado teor de sódio, açúcar e gorduras) em detrimento do consumo de alimentos tradicionais 20,29,33,34,35 . Pesquisas conduzidas no mesmo período e nas mesmas escolas a que se refere o presente estudo apontaram, além de prevalências expressivas de valores inferiores a -2 escores-z para o índice estatura/idade entre crianças (15,5%) e adolescentes (19,9%), percentual crescente do excesso de peso, desde a infância até a vida adulta 36 , mensurados por indicadores que avaliam a adequação do peso em relação à estatura.…”